Up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in allergic rhinitis

Abstract

Background: Toll-like receptors enable the host to recognize a large number of pathogenassociated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral RNA, CpG-containing DNA and flagellin. Toll-like receptors have also been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of Toll-like receptors as a primary part of our microbe defense system has been shown in several studies, but their possible function as mediators in allergy and asthma remains to be established. The present study was designed to examine the expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in the nasal mucosa of patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis, focusing on changes induced by exposure to pollen.

CD4+ T Cells Have a Key Instructive Role in Educating Dendritic Cells in Allergy

“…Previous studies suggest that distinct TLR ligands can activate DCs differently to elicit diverse signaling pathways and cytokine profiles and, thereby, to regulate the Th1/Th2 balance [14,15,16,17]. Furthermore, increased tissue expression of TLRs, including TLR2, have been shown in allergic rhinitis [18]. Although TLRs are recognized primarily as receptors of key importance to the innate immune system, the above observations suggest a role for specific TLRs also in allergy/adaptive defense.…”

Lack of association between toll like receptor-2 & toll like receptor-4 gene polymorphisms and Iranian asthmatics risk or features

“…TLRs are pattern recognition receptors, are highly polymorphic, and play an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity [9,16]. TLR2 mainly responds to cell wall structure components from gram-positive bacteria, such as peptidoglycan, and TLR4 mainly recognizes microbial membrane components from gramnegative bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin [9,17]. TLRs polymorphisms may play role in the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses, and increased susceptibility to allergic airway diseases.…”

Toll-like receptor 2 gene expression in the nasal and sinonasal mucosa

“…В исследованиях в качестве контроля использу-ют нижние носовые раковины [3,4,[11][12][13], браш-биопсии той же области слизистой оболочки носа здоровых добровольцев [1,14,15], образцы слизи-стой оболочки резецированных крючковидных от-ростков и передней решетчатой пазухи пациентов с невоспалительными заболеваниями, подвергнутых эндоскопическому хирургическому вмешательству на пазухах [2,[5][6][7]. Часть имеющихся работ выпол-нена на эпителиальных клетках носа [14,15], в боль-шинстве случаев исследована цельная ткань (гомо-генаты слизистой оболочки) [1-7, 11-13, 16].…”