Unveiling the link between prostatitis and periodontitis

Abstract

Background:One of the important tumor markers having critically important applications in every aspect of treating men with prostatic illness is prostate-specific antigen (PSA), formed by prostate acini's epithelial cells. Where prostate is affected by inflammation or malignancy, the PSA levels rise to/and above 4 ng/ml. This study analyzes the interlink between different severity of periodontitis and prostatitis by assessment of PSA antigen levels and periodontal clinical parameters.Materials and Methods:In this study, 100 chronic prostatitis patients diagnosed to also have periodontal diseases were divided into four batches on the basis of the nature of prostatitis and levels of periodontal clinical attachment. The grouping was as: group 1A – clinical attachment level (CAL) <3 mm and mild prostatitis, Group 2A – CAL ≥3 mm and mild prostatitis, and Group 1B – CAL <3 mm and moderate-to-severe prostatitis, Group 2B – CAL ≥3 mm and moderate-to-severe prostatitis. Readings of CAL, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, and gingival index (PI and GI) were recorded, followed by calculation and assessment of PSA values and correlation of periodontal parameters, respectively.Results:An important and affirmative correlation (r = 0.5549, P < 0.05) was seen between PSA and CAL scores at significance level of 5%, and also between PSA and probing depths (PD) scores at 5% (r = 0.5315, P < 0.05), indicating that PSA and CAL scores, as also PSA and PD scores are mutually dependent. The similar positive correlation was seen between PSA with PI (r = 0.3231, P < 0.05) and GI (r = 0.3567, P < 0.05) scores, respectively, at 5% level of significance, which shows PSA is also mutually dependent on PI and GI scores.Conclusion:Patients with of grades, moderate-to-severe prostatitis as well as periodontitis were found having higher PSA levels. The clinical readings of periodontal parameters were significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe prostatitis which shows a pathological link between the above two.

Chronic Periodontal Disease increases risk for Prostate Cancer in Elderly individuals in South Korea: a Retrospective Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study

“…Among the comorbidities investigated in this study, prostatitis was found to have the closest relationship with PC (crude HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.91-2.25, P < 0.001; adjusted HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.77-2.08, P < 0.001). Patients with moderate-to-severe prostatitis and chronic PD were found to have higher prostate-specific antigen levels, which are used to track response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for PC [35]. Famili et al found that men with PC undergoing ADT were more likely to have PD than men not undergoing ADT [36].…”

“…Both PD and prostatitis result in cytokine imbalance toward increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukine (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein, and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines [37]. Additionally, major clinical parameters of PD, especially clinical attachment level, were significantly worse in patients with moderate-to-severe prostatitis [35,37]. Considering the similarity in the etiopathogenesis of prostatitis and PD, it is possible that there is a pathological link between them; however, further studies are necessary to draw a conclusion.…”

A potential therapeutic strategy for prostatic disease by targeting the oral microbiome

“…Furthermore, chronic inflammation has been shown to contribute to or associate with the development of both periodontal and prostatic diseases 7,55,56 . Table 2 summarizes previous epidemiological studies 18,27‐30,57‐69 exploring the associations between periodontal disease and prostatic disease. Thus, it is of great clinical significance to explore the interaction mechanism between these diseases and whether it affects the development and prognosis of the diseases.…”

Association of chronic periodontitis with prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis: A population‐based cohort study in Taiwan

“…Given the PSA levels in participants with comorbidity of high clinical attachment level (>or = 2.7 mm) and moderate/severe prostatitis higher than those with either condition alone, the association between periodontal disease and PSA level in patients with chronic prostatitis was proposed 4 . Interlink between periodontitis (measured with periodontal clinical parameters) and prostatitis (assessed by PSA antigen levels) was recently proposed based on the observation of patients with chronic prostatitis who also had periodontitis being diagnosed 5 . In that study, an affirmative correlation was noted between PSA and clinical attachment level, probing depths, and plaque index and gingival index scores.…”

“…Two previous studies have demonstrated a potential positive association between prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in prostatitis patients and periodontal clinical parameters in periodontitis patients, 4,5 and indicate possible immunological related inflammatory relationship between these two diseases. Because of the presence of similar DNA for periodontal pathogens, particularly for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola , in both prostatic secretion and subgingival dental plaque from the same individual, 6 the authors suggested that oral pathogens might disseminate from their original habitat and reached the prostate and penetrate the intra‐epithelial tissue, causing histologic changes in the organ.…”