Unveiling the biosynthetic puzzle of destruxins in
            <i>Metarhizium</i>
            species

Wang, Bing; Kang, Qianjin; Lu, Yuzhen; Bai, Linquan; Chengshu, Wang

doi:10.1073/pnas.1115983109

Cited by 213 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…However, U. virens lacks dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases, which catalyse the first committed step of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis 35 . In M. robertsii, the NRPS protein DtxS1 with six adenylation domains is responsible for the biosynthesis of the cyclic hexadepsipeptide destruxins, which are structurally similar to ustiloxins 36 . Of the predicted NRPS/NRPS-like proteins, UV_1490 and other five have adenylation domain(s) that recognize the cognate amino-acid substrate and activate it as its aminoacyl adenylate for peptide synthesis (Supplementary Table 20).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics

et al. 2014

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Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah is an ascomycetous fungus that causes rice false smut, a devastating emerging disease worldwide. Here we report a 39.4 Mb draft genome sequence of U. virens that encodes 8,426 predicted genes. The genome has B25% repetitive sequences that have been affected by repeat-induced point mutations. Evolutionarily, U. virens is close to the entomopathogenic Metarhizium spp., suggesting potential host jumping across kingdoms. U. virens possesses reduced gene inventories for polysaccharide degradation, nutrient uptake and secondary metabolism, which may result from adaptations to the specific floret infection and biotrophic lifestyles. Consistent with their potential roles in pathogenicity, genes for secreted proteins and secondary metabolism and the pathogen-host interaction database genes are highly enriched in the transcriptome during early infection. We further show that 18 candidate effectors can suppress plant hypersensitive responses. Together, our analyses offer new insights into molecular mechanisms of evolution, biotrophy and pathogenesis of U. virens.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics

et al. 2014

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“…evolutionarily diverged from the plant endophytes or pathogens (25,35). Thus, similar to the acquisition of the cyclodepsipeptide destruxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Metarhizium species (35,37), the oosporein biosynthesis genes could have been horizontally transferred to…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal biosynthesis of the bibenzoquinone oosporein to evade insect immunity

Peng

Shang

Cen

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Quinones are widely distributed in nature and exhibit diverse biological or pharmacological activities; however, their biosynthetic machineries are largely unknown. The bibenzoquinone oosporein was first identified from the ascomycete insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana >50 y ago. The toxin can also be produced by different plant pathogenic and endophytic fungi with an array of biological activities. Here, we report the oosporein biosynthetic machinery in fungi, a polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway including seven genes for quinone biosynthesis. The PKS oosporein synthase 1 (OpS1) produces orsellinic acid that is hydroxylated to benzenetriol by the hydroxylase OpS4. The intermediate is oxidized either nonenzymatically to 5,5′-dideoxy-oosporein or enzymatically to benzenetetrol by the putative dioxygenase OpS7. The latter is further dimerized to oosporein by the catalase OpS5. The transcription factor OpS3 regulates intrapathway gene expression. Insect bioassays revealed that oosporein is required for fungal virulence and acts by evading host immunity to facilitate fungal multiplication in insects. These results contribute to the known mechanisms of quinone biosynthesis and the understanding of small molecules deployed by fungi that interact with their hosts.

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“…9,32 Similar to plant pathogenic fungi, 12,33 which require autophagy for infections, deletions of autophagy genes in M. robertsii also led to reduced pathogenicity. However, while the Moatg8 nullmutant of M. oryzae formed appressoria, 2,4 Mratg8Δ lost the ability to produce an infection structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage of autophagy to fungal development, lipid storage and virulence inMetarhizium robertsii

et al. 2013

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Autophagy is a highly conserved process that maintains intracellular homeostasis by degrading proteins or organelles in all eukaryotes. The effect of autophagy on fungal biology and infection of insect pathogens is unknown. here, we report the function of MrATG8, an ortholog of yeast ATG8, in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. MrATG8 can complement an ATG8-defective yeast strain and deletion of MrATG8 impaired autophagy, conidiation and fungal infection biology in M. robertsii. compared with the wild-type and gene-rescued mutant, Mratg8Δ is not inductive to form the infection-structure appressorium and is impaired in defense response against insect immunity. in addition, accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) is significantly reduced in the conidia of Mratg8Δ and the pathogenicity of the mutant is drastically impaired. We also found that the cellular level of a LD-specific perilipin-like protein is significantly lowered by deletion of MrATG8 and that the carboxyl terminus beyond the predicted protease cleavage site is dispensable for MrAtg8 function. To corroborate the role of autophagy in fungal physiology, the homologous genes of yeast ATG1, ATG4 and ATG15, designated as MrATG1, MrATG4 and MrATG15, were also deleted in M. robertsii. in contrast to Mratg8Δ, these mutants could form appressoria, however, the LD accumulation and virulence were also considerably impaired in the mutant strains. Our data showed that autophagy is required in M. robertsii for fungal differentiation, lipid biogenesis and insect infection. The results advance our understanding of autophagic process in fungi and provide evidence to connect autophagy with lipid metabolism.

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Unveiling the biosynthetic puzzle of destruxins in Metarhizium species

Cited by 213 publications

References 47 publications

Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics

Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics

Fungal biosynthesis of the bibenzoquinone oosporein to evade insect immunity

Linkage of autophagy to fungal development, lipid storage and virulence inMetarhizium robertsii

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