“…Details regarding the bacterial flora, symbiotic interactions with the hosts, and types of pathogenic bacteria in elasmobranchs have only recently begun to be reported (Givens et al, 2015; Doane et al, 2017; 2020; Kearns et al, 2017; Pogoreutz et al, 2019; Mika et al, 2021; Storo et al, 2021; Muñoz-Baquero et al, 2023). A pioneering study of the oviparous little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, characterized the microbiota within the egg capsule and demonstrated intergenerational vertical microbial transmission (Mika et al, 2021).…”