Unusual ocular clinical manifestation of leptospirosis

Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review

“…Leptospires are aerobic and slow-growing organisms that are highly susceptible towards drought and hypertonic conditions [ 35 ]. Attributed to various ocular manifestations [ 36 , 37 ], these organisms are helical-shaped with distinct hook-ends that allows them to be clearly differentiated from other spirochaetes. In terms of their size, they are thin and long with a thickness of about 0.1 to 0.15 μm and 6 to 20 μm in length [ 24 ].…”

“…The early (acute) stage of leptospiral infection is described using various terminologies, such as leptospiraemic [ 36 ], anicteric [ 24 ] and bacteraemic [ 147 ], all of which essentially denotes the same phase of infection. The sudden onset of myalgia, fever and headache are major manifestations of this phase [ 148 ].…”

“…This particular phase is commonly known as Weil’s disease [ 24 ], which is an extremely severe form of leptospirosis. It is also known as the late phase [ 147 ], leptospiruria [ 36 ] and icteric phase. Essentially, the aforesaid terminologies denote the progression of leptospirosis into a very severe systemic disease, highlighting the tendency for leptospires to inflict system-wide damage that can be detrimental to health.…”

“…Essentially, the aforesaid terminologies denote the progression of leptospirosis into a very severe systemic disease, highlighting the tendency for leptospires to inflict system-wide damage that can be detrimental to health. Documented to last for up to 30 days, the immune phase typically begins from 7–10 days after the first onset of symptoms [ 36 ]. Satiya et al [ 160 ] emphasized that untreated leptospirosis can lead to fatal hepatic manifestations, such as jaundice.…”