Unusual dominant genotype NIA1 of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children in Southern Xinjiang, China

Qi, Meng; Yu, Fuchang; Zhao, Aiyun; Zhang, Ying; Wei, Zilin; Li, Dongfang; Zhang, Longxian

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008293

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The infection of E. bieneusi was 4.2% (29/683) and 5.7% (39/683) in HIV-negative patients and HIV-positive patients in Henan province [12], respectively. Additionally, the following rates of infection were observed in other studies on other regions in China: 1.18% (27/2284) in children in Zhengzhou [13], 5.9% (36/609) in Xinjiang [14], 2.5% (3/121) in Daqing [15], 0.2% (1/500) in children in Wuhan [16], 13.49% (34/252) in adults and children of a diarrhea clinic in Shanghai [17], 11.83% (11/93) in children in Chongqing [18], and 11.58% (33/285) in HIV-positive patients in Guangxi [19]. According to statistics, the prevalence of E. bieneusi is 6.4% in southern China, and 5.5% in northern China [11], which is consistent with our results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…More than 470 genotypes have been identified by this method in humans, mammals, birds, and water, including 59 human-specific and 31 zoonotic genotypes. In China, there are 41 genotypes (including genotype D, I, J, CHN1, CHN2, CHN3, CHN4, EbpC, type IV, Peru8, Peru11, PigEBITS7, Henan-I, Henan-II, Henan-III, Henan-IV, Henan-V, CS-4, NEC1, NEC2, NEC3, NEC4, NEC5, GX25, GX456, GX458, CQH1, CQH2, CQH3, CQH4, A, CHN6, EbpA, KB-1, NIA1, CXJH1, CXJH2, CXJH3, J, BEB6, and CM8) that have been identified in humans [9,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequence revealed the presence of at least 11 different genetic clusters, named as Groups 1 to 11 [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Diarrheal Patients

Zang

Tang

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause severe diarrhea in children and adults. However, in China, there are scant studies on E. bieneusi in diarrheal children and adults, with the exception of prevalence and genotyping data in a small number of cities including Hubei, Shanghai, and Heilongjiang. In this study, 196 fecal samples (n = 132 in Chongqing, n = 44 in Shandong, n = 20 in Hubei) were collected, including 91 from children and 105 from adults. Through microscopic examination, 19 positive samples (11 from children and 8 from adults) were detected. Using PCR examination, the internal transcriptional spacer (ITS) region was utilized by nested PCR to detect and characterize E. bieneusi. Twenty positive samples were detected, including 14 from children (≤11 years of age) and 6 from adults. According to the sequence analysis of ITS data, one known zoonotic (D) and seven novel (CQH5-11) genotypes were identified. This is the first molecular epidemiological study of E. bieneusi in diarrheal patients in different regions of China. Therefore, this study can provide useful information for the molecular epidemiology and control of E. bieneusi infection in humans in the future.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Diarrheal Patients

Zang

Tang

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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“…Diverse infection rates of the pathogen were observed in children in different studies across the world (Table 1S). For example, as seen in our study, similar prevalence of the pathogenic infection was reported in kindergarten children (5.9%, 36/609) in China (Qi et al., 2020), liver transplant children (6.8%, 3/44) in Iran (Agholi et al., 2013), children aged 0–2 years (8.2%, 29/354) (Rogawski et al., 2018) and 6–23 months (9.5%, 88/928) (Platts‐Mills et al., 2017) in Bangladesh, and children (9.7%, 7/72) in Nigeria (Maikai et al., 2012). The higher prevalence was documented in leukemic children (29.0%, 29/100) in Egypt (Shehab et al., 2020), children with persistent diarrhea (30.4%, 68/224) in Uganda (Mor et al., 2009), and HIV‐infected children (37.1%, 13/35) in Malawi (Huibers et al., 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

First molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children and calves in Bangladesh

Karim

Rume

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a widespread opportunistic pathogen found in humans and domestic animals, including cattle that poses a public health risk. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence, genotypic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi among children and calves in Bangladesh. A total of 998 fecal samples were collected from children (n = 299) and calves (n = 699) and screened by nested PCR and sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 6.4% in children and 7.9% in calves. ITS sequence analysis of 74 isolates revealed 10 genotypes, including eight known genotypes (A, D, Type IV, PigEBITS7, I, J, BEB4, and BEB6) and two new genotypes (BANEB1 and BANEB3). Specifically, genotypes A, D, Type IV, PigEBITS7, BANEB1, and BANEB3, and genotypes D, PigEBITS7, I, J, BEB4, and BEB6 were detected in children and calves, respectively. Among them, genotypes D and I were dominant genotypes in children and calves, respectively. The genotypes D and PigEBITS7 were found in both children and calves, with PigEBITS7 being observed for the first time in calves. In phylogenetic analysis, six genotypes (A, D, Type IV, PigEBITS7, BANEB1, and BANEB3), detected in 39.2% of the isolates, belonged to zoonotic Group 1. The remaining four genotypes I, J, BEB4, and BEB6 were clustered in Group 2 and are common members of the group with zoonotic potential. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report of E. bieneusi infection in calves in Bangladesh and also the first molecular characterization of the parasite in children and calves in this country. Two new genotypes in children have been found, which is noteworthy. Furthermore, the presence of zoonotic genotypes indicates that cattle may serve as reservoirs for E. bieneusi, which can be a source of human microsporidiosis.

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“…Additionally, previous studies have reported the presence of four other genotypes (Type IV, Peru6, D, and Henan-III) in humans and animals around the world, of which genotypes D and Type IV are commonly found in E. bieneusiinduced microsporidiosis in humans [3,28]. Both genotypes D and Type IV have been detected in infants, HIV-positive patients, and HIV-negative patients in China [25,[29][30][31][32][33]. Meanwhile, they have been found in NHPs, pigs, dogs, snakes, cats, hippopotamus, Pere David's deer, chinchillas, Siberian tiger, lions, Fischer's lovebird, red foxes, wastewater, and lake water [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Potentially Zoonotic Genotypes of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi in Wild Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) Living in Nanwan Monkey Island, Hainan, China: A Public Health Concern

Zhao

Zhou

Ren

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a microsporidian species, is a zoonotic pathogen found in both humans and animals. Here, we determined the prevalence, explored the different genotypes of E. bieneusi in wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) (Hainan Island of China), and assessed their zoonotic potential. Methods We collected 173 fecal specimens from wild M. mulatta living in Nanwan Monkey Island, Hainan, China. Subsequently, we identified and genotyped E. bieneusi using nested PCR analysis amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rRNA gene. Lastly, a neighbor-joining tree was built based on gene sequences from the ITS region of E. bieneusi. Results Of the 173 specimens from wild M. mulatta, 26 (15%) were infected with E. bieneusi. We identified six genotypes of E. bieneusi, of which five were known: PigEBITS7 (n = 20), D (n = 2), Type IV (n = 1), Peru6 (n = 1), Henan-III (n = 1), and a novel genotype: HNM-IX (n = 1). From the phylogenetic analysis, the six genotypes identified here were all categorized into zoonotic group 1. Conclusion Based on the results taht the novel genotype falling under zoonotic group 1 and all the known genotypes found in humans, we conclude that the wild M. mulatta infected with E. bieneusi have a public health significance.

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Unusual dominant genotype NIA1 of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children in Southern Xinjiang, China

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Diarrheal Patients

Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Diarrheal Patients

First molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children and calves in Bangladesh

Occurrence and Potentially Zoonotic Genotypes of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi in Wild Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) Living in Nanwan Monkey Island, Hainan, China: A Public Health Concern

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