Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Spiegel bei Orang‐Utans und einigen anderen Affenarten<sup>1</sup>

Lethmate, Jürgen; Dücker, Gerti

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1973.tb02094.x

Cited by 108 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…If an individual is experimentally provided with a mark that cannot be directly seen but is, however, visible in the mirror, increased exploration of the own body and selfdirected actions towards the mark suggest that the mirror image is being perceived as self. Fairly clear evidence of this has been obtained for chimpanzees [1], orang-utans [2], and pygmy chimpanzees [3]. In gorillas and gibbons, some authors reported failure of self-recognition [4,5] whereas others reported positive findings in at least one individual [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Ultrasonic Communication in Rats: Can Playback of 50-kHz Calls Induce Approach Behavior?

2016

Animal Behavior

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Comparative studies suggest that at least some bird species have evolved mental skills similar to those found in humans and apes. This is indicated by feats such as tool use, episodic-like memory, and the ability to use one's own experience in predicting the behavior of conspecifics. It is, however, not yet clear whether these skills are accompanied by an understanding of the self. In apes, self-directed behavior in response to a mirror has been taken as evidence of self-recognition. We investigated mirror-induced behavior in the magpie, a songbird species from the crow family. As in apes, some individuals behaved in front of the mirror as if they were testing behavioral contingencies. When provided with a mark, magpies showed spontaneous mark-directed behavior. Our findings provide the first evidence of mirror self-recognition in a non-mammalian species. They suggest that essential components of human selfrecognition have evolved independently in different vertebrate classes with a separate evolutionary history.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Ultrasonic Communication in Rats: Can Playback of 50-kHz Calls Induce Approach Behavior?

2016

Animal Behavior

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“…The few small-scale studies that have investigated their reactions to mirrors yielded equivocal results and had various methodological limitations (Lethmate & Dü cker 1973;Inoue-Nakamura 1997;Hyatt 1998;Ujhelyi et al 2000). Like many other species, gibbons understand mirrors sufficiently to use them to find hidden objects (Ujhelyi et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many primate species have been tested with versions of the basic task, but only members of the great ape species react as 24-month old children do (Gallup 1970;Lethmate & Dü cker 1973;Suarez & Gallup 1981;Povinelli 1989;Anderson & Gallup 1997;Povinelli et al 1997;Posada & Colell 2007). The competence of gorillas has been the most controversial with rigorous experimental attempts failing to find evidence (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes

Suddendorf

Collier-Baker

2009

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Mirror self-recognition typically emerges in human children in the second year of life and has been documented in great apes. In contrast to monkeys, humans and great apes can use mirrors to inspect unusual marks on their body that cannot be seen directly. Here we show that lesser apes (family Hylobatidae) fail to use the mirror to find surreptitiously placed marks on their head, in spite of being strongly motivated to retrieve directly visible marks from the mirror surface itself and from their own limbs. These findings suggest that the capacity for visual self-recognition evolved in a common ancestor of all great apes after the split from the line that led to modern lesser apes approximately 18 Myr ago. They also highlight the potential of a comparative approach for identifying the neurological and genetic underpinnings of self-recognition and other higher cognitive faculties.

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“…L'initiative reste individuelle et les éthologues sont partagés quant à sa fonction. Certains considèrent ce comportement comme une décoration de soi (Lethmate & Dücker 1973), d'autres comme un jeu (Jantschke 1972).…”

Section: Le Caractère Polysémique Des Objets Corporels Dans Les Sociéunclassified

L’émergence du corps paré

Vanhaeren¹,

d’Errico²

2011

civilisations

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Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Spiegel bei Orang‐Utans und einigen anderen Affenarten¹

Cited by 108 publications

References 12 publications

Ultrasonic Communication in Rats: Can Playback of 50-kHz Calls Induce Approach Behavior?

Ultrasonic Communication in Rats: Can Playback of 50-kHz Calls Induce Approach Behavior?

The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes

L’émergence du corps paré

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Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Spiegel bei Orang‐Utans und einigen anderen Affenarten1

Cited by 108 publications

References 12 publications

Ultrasonic Communication in Rats: Can Playback of 50-kHz Calls Induce Approach Behavior?

Ultrasonic Communication in Rats: Can Playback of 50-kHz Calls Induce Approach Behavior?

The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes

L’émergence du corps paré

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Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Spiegel bei Orang‐Utans und einigen anderen Affenarten¹