Untangling the effects of tinnitus and hypersensitivity to sound (hyperacusis) in the gap detection test

Salloum, Rony H.; Sandridge, Sharon A.; Patton, Dana; Stillitano, Gina; Dawson, Geraldine; Niforatos, J.; Santiago, Lia M.; Kaltenbach, James A.

doi:10.1016/j.heares.2015.10.005

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Secondly, no relationship could be found between absolute startle size and animals passing or failing GPIAS. An elevation of the startle response could suggest the presence of hyperacusis, an increased sensitivity to sound, which would also have been suggestive of some hearing damage 16,32 . Another possibility is that the animals could have hidden hearing loss which would show up as no change in auditory thresholds but instead as a decreased response at supra-threshold sounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Responses in the Gap Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex in Two Different Guinea Pig Colonies

Leggett¹,

Mendis²,

Wham³

2018

The International Tinnitus Journal

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Animal models of tinnitus rely on interpretation of behavioural or reflexive tests to determine the presence of this phantom perception. A commonly used test is the gap prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (GPIAS), which is often combined with prepulse inhibition (PPI) to ensure that reduced GPIAS suppression is not due to hearing loss caused by the acoustic trauma commonly used to trigger tinnitus development. In our laboratory GPIAS and PPI are routinely used on two colonies of outbred tri-colour guinea pigs. However, our results show that these colonies show divergent results even before any tinnitus-inducing treatment, which impacts their suitability in tinnitus models. Although colony 1 and 2 show similar results in PPI (~95% of animals showing significant suppression), only ~30% of colony 2 also shows significant suppression in GPIAS compared to ~75% of colony 1. Cochlear sensitivity measured using compound action potentials showed no significant differences between colonies. Therefore, peripheral threshold loss was excluded as a possible factor. Our results show that similar strains of laboratory animals can show highly divergent results and GPIAS testing for tinnitus will not work for every animal strain. In addition, our data support the notion that PPI and GPIAS responses may rely on different neural circuitry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Responses in the Gap Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex in Two Different Guinea Pig Colonies

Leggett¹,

Mendis²,

Wham³

2018

The International Tinnitus Journal

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“…Salicylate also increases the gain of the more central parts of the auditory system for sound, reflected in increased startle responses and potentially inducing hyperacusis (Sun et al, 2009). So it is not clear what enhanced gap-startle responses after salicylate application imply: tinnitus or hyperacusis (Salloum et al, 2016). This also may depend on the presence or absence of modulation by auditory cortical activity of the gap-startle reflex.…”

Section: The Neural Correlates Of Salicylate and Noise-exposure In Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First of all detecting tinnitus is straightforward in humans—one just has to ask, whereas in animals it has to be inferred from behavioral tests. This is not straightforward (Eggermont, 2013; Lobarinas et al, 2013; Salloum et al, 2014, 2016), but let’s assume that it can be done unambiguously. Secondly, putative electrophysiological correlates of tinnitus in animal models are increased SFRs, increased pair-wise spike-firing synchrony, and changes in the tonotopic maps in the auditory system (Eggermont and Roberts, 2004; Eggermont, 2012).…”

Section: Do Animal Models Of Tinnitus Relate To Tinnitus Findings In mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a single TTS-causing exposure—which constitutes the bulk of current animal experiments involving gap-startle indications of tinnitus—one often finds increased SFRs and the gap-startle reflex indicates (Salloum et al, 2014, 2016) the presence of tinnitus. Even more intriguing is that after long-term exposure (≥6 weeks) to 4–20 kHz sound (noise or multi-tone) with levels ≤80 dB SPL one finds in ACx that the exposure frequency range causes strong suppression of driven and spontaneous firing rates, whereas the edge regions (extending about one octave above and two octaves below the band-pass exposure range) show increased gain for sound stimuli and also increased SFR and increased neural synchrony (Noreña et al, 2006; Pienkowski and Eggermont, 2009; Munguia et al, 2013).…”

Section: Tinnitus Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can Animal Models Contribute to Understanding Tinnitus Heterogeneity in Humans?

Eggermont

2016

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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The brain activity of humans with tinnitus of various etiologies is typically studied with electro- and magneto-encephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging-based imaging techniques. Consequently, they measure population responses and mostly from the neocortex. The latter also underlies changes in neural networks that may be attributed to tinnitus. However, factors not strictly related to tinnitus such as hearing loss and hyperacusis, as well as other co-occurring disorders play a prominent role in these changes. Different types of tinnitus can often not be resolved with these brain-imaging techniques. In animal models of putative behavioral signs of tinnitus, neural activity ranging from auditory nerve to auditory cortex, is studied largely by single unit recordings, augmented by local field potentials (LFPs), and the neural correlates of tinnitus are mainly based on spontaneous neural activity, such as spontaneous firing rates and pair-wise spontaneous spike-firing correlations. Neural correlates of hyperacusis rely on measurement of stimulus-evoked activity and are measured as increased driven firing rates and LFP amplitudes. Connectivity studies would rely on correlated neural activity between pairs of neurons or LFP amplitudes, but are only recently explored. In animal models of tinnitus, only two etiologies are extensively studied; tinnitus evoked by salicylate application and by noise exposure. It appears that they have quite different neural biomarkers. The unanswered question then is: does this different etiology also result in different tinnitus?

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“…Hyperacusis is another potential confounder in the startle paradigm. It has been found that a 115 dB noise trauma of one hour can result in masking of tinnitus while a 110 dB noise trauma of two hours can result in measurements of pseudo-tinnitus (Salloum et al, 2016). It is possible that hyperacusis plays a confounding role in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Exploring deep brain stimulation as a treatment for tinnitus

Smit¹

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Untangling the effects of tinnitus and hypersensitivity to sound (hyperacusis) in the gap detection test

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Divergent Responses in the Gap Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex in Two Different Guinea Pig Colonies

Divergent Responses in the Gap Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex in Two Different Guinea Pig Colonies

Can Animal Models Contribute to Understanding Tinnitus Heterogeneity in Humans?

Exploring deep brain stimulation as a treatment for tinnitus

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