“…In studies that used independent TMVD with a control group, experimental groups 2 were compared with (a) independent learning without technology (n = 10), (b) a different technology-mediated approach (n = 8), (c) teachermediated learning without technology (n = 5) or (d) no learning (n = 2), in the control group. Examples of using different independent TMVD treatments include those where experimental groups received some form of additional language support, e.g., meaning-focused engagement with newscasts, with and without additional languagefocused activities (Marefat & Hassanzadeh, 2016), or playing a digital game with and without access to word definitions (Alghamdi, 2016), and studies that compared two different types of technologies, e.g., vocabulary development from playing a digital simulation game and that from a flashcard game (Franciosi et al, 2016). When experimental groups used teacher-plus-technology-mediated learning, and there was a control group, the most common comparison was drawn between treatments that used technology and those that did not (aka "traditional" approach).…”