Unstuck in time: episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting and cigarette smoking

Stein, Jeffrey S.; Wilson, A. George; Koffarnus, Mikhail N.; Daniel, Tinuke Oluyomi; Epstein, Leonard H.; Bickel, Warren K.

doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4410-y

Cited by 232 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Engagement in EFT induces activation in regions previously associated with DD (i. e., lateral prefrontal cortices, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortex) and also increases coupling in regions of the amygdala and hippocampus not usually associated with DD, as determined from fMRI activity [31]. EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcholol use disorder [32], smokers [33], as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations [34,35]. Consistent with the reinforcer pathology concept, EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks [32], self-administration of cigarettes [33], and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children [35,36].…”

Section: Reinforcer Pathology As a Prototype ‘Biomarker’mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcholol use disorder [32], smokers [33], as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations [34,35]. Consistent with the reinforcer pathology concept, EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks [32], self-administration of cigarettes [33], and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children [35,36]. Conversely, when smokers or obese individuals were exposed to a scarcity scenario (drastic income reduction), they discounted more (valued the future less) and drug craving and valuation of preferred foods increased [36].…”

Section: Reinforcer Pathology As a Prototype ‘Biomarker’mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction

Kwako

Bickel

Goldman

2018

Trends in Molecular Medicine

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Trends towards dimensional approaches in understanding psychiatric disorders may also be applied to addictive disorders. Advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of addiction can inform these efforts. Furthermore, dimensional approaches to addiction, such as the proposed Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA), may be used in identifying novel addiction biomarkers, and refining ones that currently exist. These biomarkers, derived from both an understanding of the neurobiology of addiction and behavioral phenotypes, represent a departure from traditional markers of alcohol-relevant biomarkers, such as tests of liver function (LFTs). We posit that a potential addictionrelevant biomarker is reinforcer pathology, found to be relevant across addictions to different substances, and which may offer a target for modification through the use of episodic future thinking.

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Section: Reinforcer Pathology As a Prototype ‘Biomarker’mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reinforcer Pathology As a Prototype ‘Biomarker’mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction

Kwako

Bickel

Goldman

2018

Trends in Molecular Medicine

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“…If effective in reducing delay discounting, employing only one cue would further reduce time required for intervention and increase EFT’s ease of use in research and clinical settings. For all comparisons, we used episodic recent thinking (ERT) as a control condition, a commonly used method in which participants imagine real events that occurred in the recent past (e.g., Lin & Epstein 2014; Stein et al 2016). This ERT condition serves to isolate the effects of prospection in EFT by ensuring that episodic thinking in both groups engages memory, features personal details, and is matched for vividness.…”

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confidence: 99%

Think fast: rapid assessment of the effects of episodic future thinking on delay discounting in overweight/obese participants

et al. 2017

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Accumulating laboratory-based evidence indicates that reducing delay discounting (devaluation of delayed outcomes) with the use of episodic future thinking (EFT; mental simulation of future events) improves dietary decision-making and other maladaptive behaviors. Recent work has adapted EFT for use in the natural environment to aid in dietary and weight control by engaging participants in EFT repeatedly throughout the day. These efforts may benefit from minimizing the amount of time required for measurement and implementation of EFT. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk in the present study, we show that EFT effectively reduces delay discounting in overweight/obese participants (N = 131) using the recently developed 5-trial, adjusting-delay discounting task, which can be completed rapidly (25 s) and is therefore ideally suited for ecological momentary assessment. Moreover, measures of delay discounting from this task were strongly correlated with those from the commonly used adjusting-amount task (r = .859). Significant effects of EFT on discounting, however, depended on the number of future events participants generated and imagined. Use of a range of events and future time frames (as is typical in the literature) significantly reduced delay discounting, whereas use of only a single event did not.

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“…The degree to which individuals discount future consequences is in part a function of individual differences (e.g., genetic influences, Anokhin, Golosheykin, Grant, & Heath, 2011; neurocognitive influences, McClure, Laibson, Loewenstein, & Cohen, 2004; Peper, Koolschijn, & Crone, 2013), as well as environmental influences (e.g., Odum, 2011a, b; Stein, Wilson, Koffarnus, Daniel, Epstein & Bickel, 2016). If similar underlying processes drive monetary delay discounting and air quality delay discounting, targeting the same underlying processes may help reduce delay discounting on a global scale (see Odum, 2011a, b for discussion).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Value of Clean Air: Comparing Discounting of Delayed Air Quality and Money Across Magnitudes

et al. 2017

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The detrimental health effects of exposure to air pollution are well established. Fostering behavioral change concerning air quality may be challenging because the detrimental health effects of exposure to air pollution are delayed. Delay discounting, a measure of impulsive choice, encapsulates this process of choosing between the immediate conveniences of behaviors that increase pollution and the delayed consequences of prolonged exposure to poor air quality. In Experiment 1, participants completed a series of delay-discounting tasks for air quality and money. We found that participants discounted delayed air quality more than money. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether the common finding that large amounts of money are discounted less steeply than small amounts of money generalized to larger and smaller improvements in air quality. Participants discounted larger improvements in air quality less steeply than smaller improvements, indicating that the discounting of air quality shares a similar process as the discounting of money. Our results indicate that the discounting of delayed money is strongly related to the discounting of delayed air quality and that similar mechanisms may be involved in the discounting of these qualitatively different outcomes. These data are also the first to demonstrate the malleability of delay discounting of air quality, and provide important public health implications for decreasing delay discounting of air quality.

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Unstuck in time: episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting and cigarette smoking

Abstract: The effects of EFT on delay discounting generalize to smokers; EFT also reduces laboratory-based cigarette self-administration. Potential mechanisms of EFT's effects are discussed as well as implications of EFT for clinical treatment of substance-use disorders.

Cited by 232 publications

References 48 publications

Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction

Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction

Think fast: rapid assessment of the effects of episodic future thinking on delay discounting in overweight/obese participants

The Value of Clean Air: Comparing Discounting of Delayed Air Quality and Money Across Magnitudes

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