Unstable expression of a soybean gene during seed coat development

Chandlee, Joel M.; Vodkin, Lila O.

doi:10.1007/bf00274285

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The isolines used in these studies and their genotypes and seed coat colors were the following: L62-1058 (IRT, yellow seed coat with a gray hilum), L64-2244 (IrT, yellow), L67-1084 (IRt, yellow), L70-4543 (Irt, yellow), L66-14 (iRT, black), L67-3484 (irT, brown), L68-2073 (iRt, imperfect black), L83-930 (irt, buff), L67-2040 (ir", black stripes on brown). The lines RM30 (iR*T, black), RM55 (ir-m55T, striped), and RM38 (iPT, brown) are derivatives of the unstable r-m allele of the R locus (Chandlee and Vodkin, 1989). A11 of these Clark isolines are also homozygous for the W1 gene that produces purple flowers.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Cenetic Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Chalcone Synthase mRNA and Activity Are Reduced in Yellow Soybean Seed Coats with Dominant I Alleles

Wang¹,

Todd²,

Vodkin³

1994

Plant Physiol.

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The seed of all wild Clycine accessions have black or brown pigments because of the homozygous recessive i allele in combination with alleles at the R and T loci. In contrast, nearly all commercial soybean (GIycine max) varieties are yellow due to the presence of a dominant allele of the I locus (either I or rl) that inhibits pigmentation in the seed coats. Spontaneous mutations to the recessive i allele occur in these varieties and result in pigmented seed coats. We have isolated a clone for a soybean dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) gene using polymerase chain reaction. We examined expression of DFR and two other genes of the flavonoid pathway during soybean seed coat development in a series of nearisogenic isolines that vary in pigmentation as specified by combinations of alleles of the I , R, and T loci. The expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and DFR mRNAs was similar in all of the gene combinations at each stage of seed coat development. In contrast, chalcone synthase (CHS) mRNA was barely detectable at all stages of development in seed coats that carry the dominant I allele that results in yellow seed coats. CHS activity in yellow seed coats (I) was also 7-to 10-fold less than in the pigmented seed coats that have the homozygous recessive i allele. It appears that the dominant I allele results in reduction of CHS mRNA, leading to reduction of CHS activity as the basis for inhibition of anthocyanin and proanthocyanin synthesis in soybean seed coats. A further connection between CHS and the I locus is indicated by the occurrence of multiple restriction site polymorphisms in genomic DNA blots of the CHS gene family in near-isogenic lines containing alleles of the I locus.Pigmentation of soybean (Glycine max) seed coats is influenced by at least three genes, I, R, and T. The I gene (for inhibitor) controls synthesis and spatial occurrence of pigments in the epidermal layer of the seed coat, whereas R and T are responsible for the specific color (reviewed in Bemard and Weiss, 1973;Palmer and Kilen, 1987). The dominant I allele inhibits pigment accumulation, resulting in a yellow seed coat color at maturity, whereas the homozygous, recessive i allele specifies full pigmentation across the entire seedWe are grateful for a graduate fellowship award from the. Na- Recently, we showed that polymeric proanthocyanidins are also synthesized in pigmented seed coats with the homozygous recessive i genotype (Todd and Vodkin, 1993). Proanthocyanidins are not precursors of anthocyanins but are synthesized as polymeric condensation products of leucoanthocyanins, the precursors of anthocyanins. Brown (irT) and buff (irt) seed coats do not contain anthocyanins but they do synthesize proanthocyanidins. The mechanism of inhibition of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin synthesis by the I allele is unknown.Spontaneous mutations of the dominant I alleles ( I or 2%) to the recessive i allele have occurred in many soybean varieties, resulting in isogenic lines with pigmented seed coats. A Prorich cell wall protein, PRP1, and its ...

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Section: Plant Materials and Cenetic Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Chalcone Synthase mRNA and Activity Are Reduced in Yellow Soybean Seed Coats with Dominant I Alleles

Wang¹,

Todd²,

Vodkin³

1994

Plant Physiol.

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“…The r-m allele is dominant over r and recessive to R. The r-m allele exhibits instability in somatic and germinal cell layers and the revertants phenotypic forms are not stable with expression forms of the allele at high frequency [11]. The expression of this not typical phenotypic germinal instability was suggested as transposable elements residing in or near the r-m allele.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard phenotype R gene is black hilum on black seed [11]. The genetic type T16 is the only occurrence with brown hilum on black seed coat in the Glycine max accession of USDA soybean germplasm and its genetic control until now is not described yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expression of this not typical phenotypic germinal instability was suggested as transposable elements residing in or near the r-m allele. Since the revertants of r-m alleles may be not be identical to the standard R and r forms they were designated by Chandlee and Vodkin [11] as designate R* and r*. There is one phenotypic difference between the standart R allele, and the R* carryng brown hilum in black seed and r* carryng r-m (striped seed coat); thus the locus R is not stable and could produce all three forms R*, r-m and r [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inheritance of R Locus Expressing Brown Hilum on Black Seed Coat in Soybean

Carpentieri-Pípolo

Almeida²,

Kiihl³

2015

AJPS

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Color is one of the phenotypic markers mostly used to study soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in the study of genetic, molecular and biochemical processes, due to their easy recognizability. The genetic control of several soybean natural variants has not been studied. The standard phenotype of R gene is black hilum on black seed. The genetic type T16 is the only occurrence with brown hilum on black seed coat and its genetic control was not described until now. The aim of this study is to understand the genetic control of seed coat and hilum color in the genetic types T16 and in the natural variants of Bragg, BR6 and BR13. T16 was combinined with Bragg P and BR13P (black seed color) and BR6M (brown seed color) and T236 (r-m). It was found that the genetic control of the brown hilum trait in black seed coat of the T16 genotype was controlled by two loci segregating independently and controlling the expression of the color of the hilum and the seed coat color. The expression of the brown hilum trait in black seed coat is dependent on locus T_, which controls pubescence color; therefore it occurs only in genotypes with tawny brown pubescence (T_), which caracterizes the pleiotropic effect of this locus on the trait hilum brown trait in black seed coat. The color of the hilum and the seed coat color belong to the same allelic sequence. No maternal effect was found in the expression of hilum brown trait in black seed coat.

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“…So far, several mutable alleles have been reported in soybean, for example, w4-m and wp-m mutable alleles that condition variegated flowers Johnson et al 1998), r-m mutable allele that makes seed with variegated seed coat (Chandlee and Vodkin 1989a), and Y18-m mutable allele that conditions variegated foliage (Chandlee and Vodkin 1989b). All of them could generate somatic and germinal reversions which are similar to the phenotype caused by transposon movement.…”

Section: Transposable Element Studies In Soybeanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic analysis and molecular characterization of the W4 locus and the k2 Mdh1-n y20 chromosomal region in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr]

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Genetic analysis and molecular characterization of the W4 locus and the k2 Mdhl-n y20 chromosomal region in soybean [Glycine max (L. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ) UMI ABSTRACTThe W4 locus is an important locus to the anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean flowers and hypocotyls. Mutations at this locus would cause less-pigmented flowers and hypocotyls, such as near-white flowers conditioned by the w4 allele. Its mutable allele (w4-m) was suspected to contain an autonomous transposon. In this study, we reported a mutation with pale flowers and green hypocotyls conditioned by a new allele at the W4 locus, w4-p.The dominance of these four alleles is: W4 > w4-m > w4-p > w4. The inbred mutant line (w4-p w4-p) was assigned Genetic Type Collection number T369. The W4 locus was positioned on the MLG D2 between Satt386 and nearby telomere with 2.3 cM genetic distance from Satt386.The major components of anthocyanins in soybean flowers were found to be delphinidin and its derivatives, which were reduced in less pigmented flower petals caused by mutations at the W4 locus. Results in this study showed that the pigment reduction was due to low transcript level of the DFR 2 (dihydroflavonol reductase 2) gene. The results also indicated that the W4 gene very likely encoded the DFR2 protein.Three closely linked genes k2, Mdhl-n, and y20 form an unstable chromosomal region. The Mdhl-n mutation in T261 and all the Mdhl-n y20 mutations were suggested to be due to genomic deletions. Four more new mutants in this region were reported in this study. One had tan-saddle seed coat (k2) isolated from a bulk harvest of cv. Kenwood. Three independent mutants (k2 Mdhl-n y20) were reported in the instability experiments. The unstable region was located on MLG H near SSR markers Satt253, Satt279, and Satt314. In addition, an extra putative deletion that covered Satt253, Satt279, and Satt314 was identified in T261. Mapping results indicated the two deletions were separate.An Mdhl contig with size around 96 kb was constructed. Three copies of truncated Calypso5-l like retroelements were found downstream of the Mdhl gene (AF180335), and clustered in a -16 kb chromosomal region. The deletions in all the Mdhl-n or Mdhl-n y20 mutants examined were larger that ~70 kb, but the breakpoints couldn't be identified.1 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION IntroductionSeveral regions that were found in the soybean genome were very unstable, for example, the mutable allele of the W4 locus (w4-m) and the k2 Mdhl-n y20 chromosomal region. What causes the instability is unknown.The W4 locus conditions purple flowers and hypocotyls under Wl_ genetic background. Its recessive mutation w4 gives near-white flowers and green hypocotyls . In 1983, a mutant with variegated flowers and hypocotyls was identified that was controlled by a mutable allele at the W4 locus (w4-m). The mutable alle...

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Unstable expression of a soybean gene during seed coat development

Cited by 20 publications

References 14 publications

Chalcone Synthase mRNA and Activity Are Reduced in Yellow Soybean Seed Coats with Dominant I Alleles

Chalcone Synthase mRNA and Activity Are Reduced in Yellow Soybean Seed Coats with Dominant I Alleles

Inheritance of R Locus Expressing Brown Hilum on Black Seed Coat in Soybean

Genetic analysis and molecular characterization of the W4 locus and the k2 Mdh1-n y20 chromosomal region in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr]

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