Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean

Byrne, Maria; Ho, Melanie A.; Wong, Eunice; Soars, Natalie A.; Selvakumaraswamy, Paulina; Shepard-Brennand, Hannah; Dworjanyn, Symon A.; Davis, Andrew R.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2404

Cited by 159 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Decreased hatching rates and increased shell abnormalities (but similar survival) have also been found for the abalone Haliotis discus hannai following a pH decrease of -0.45 to -0.55 with no significant effects at higher pH levels (Kimura et al 2011). Byrne et al (2011) studied the synergistic effects of ocean acidification and warming on the abalone Haliotis coccoradiata (-0.4 and -0.6 pH unit; ?2 and ?4°C). They found that the percentage of calcified larvae was significantly lower in the low pH and in the high temperature treatments compared with controls.…”

Section: Kimura Et Al (2011)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine shelled molluscs

et al. 2013

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Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO 2 are expected to penetrate into the oceans, causing a reduction in pH (-0.3/-0.4 pH unit in the surface ocean) and in the concentration of carbonate ions (so-called ocean acidification). Of growing concern are the impacts that this will have on marine and estuarine organisms and ecosystems. Marine shelled molluscs, which colonized a large latitudinal gradient and can be found from intertidal to deep-sea habitats, are economically and ecologically important species providing essential ecosystem services including habitat structure for benthic organisms, water purification and a food source for other organisms. The effects of ocean acidification on the growth and shell production by juvenile and adult shelled molluscs are variable among species and even within the same species, precluding the drawing of a general picture. This is, however, not the case for pteropods, with all species tested so far, being negatively impacted by ocean acidification. The blood of shelled molluscs may exhibit lower pH with consequences for several physiological processes (e.g. respiration, excretion, etc.) and, in some cases, increased mortality in the long term. While fertilization may remain unaffected by elevated pCO 2 , embryonic and larval development will be highly sensitive with important reductions in size and decreased survival of larvae, increases in the number of abnormal larvae and an increase in the developmental time. There are big gaps in the current understanding of the biological consequences of an Communicated by S. Dupont.Frédéric Gazeau and Laura M. Parker have contributed equally to this work.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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Section: Kimura Et Al (2011)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine shelled molluscs

et al. 2013

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“…The potential interactions between hypercapnia and other environmental stressors are not well understood, but recent studies indicate that such interactions may be quite complex (Gazeau et al, 2007;Pörtner, 2008;Gooding et al, 2009;Ries et al, 2009;Byrne et al, 2010;Pörtner, 2010). For example, a moderate increase in temperature partially alleviated negative effects of low pH on biomineralization in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma and the oyster Crassostrea virginica (Byrne et al, 2010;Waldbusser et al, 2011), but not in the abalone Haliotis coccoradiata, while a more extreme warming led to inhibition of biomineralization in H. erythrogramma (Byrne et al, 2010). These results indicate species-specific and potentially non-linear effects of temperature and temperature-pH interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

Dickinson

Ivanina

Matoo

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

225

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SUMMARYRising levels of atmospheric CO 2 lead to acidification of the ocean and alter seawater carbonate chemistry, which can negatively impact calcifying organisms, including mollusks. In estuaries, exposure to elevated CO 2 levels often co-occurs with other stressors, such as reduced salinity, which enhances the acidification trend, affects ion and acid-base regulation of estuarine calcifiers and modifies their response to ocean acidification. We studied the interactive effects of salinity and partial pressure of CO 2 (P CO2 ) on biomineralization and energy homeostasis in juveniles of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, a common estuarine bivalve. Juveniles were exposed for 11weeks to one of two environmentally relevant salinities (30 or 15PSU) either at current atmospheric P CO2 (~400atm, normocapnia) or P CO2 projected by moderate IPCC scenarios for the year 2100 (~700-800atm, hypercapnia). Exposure of the juvenile oysters to elevated P CO2 and/or low salinity led to a significant increase in mortality, reduction of tissue energy stores (glycogen and lipid) and negative soft tissue growth, indicating energy deficiency. Interestingly, tissue ATP levels were not affected by exposure to changing salinity and P CO2, suggesting that juvenile oysters maintain their cellular energy status at the expense of lipid and glycogen stores. At the same time, no compensatory upregulation of carbonic anhydrase activity was found under the conditions of low salinity and high P CO2 . Metabolic profiling using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed altered metabolite status following low salinity exposure; specifically, acetate levels were lower in hypercapnic than in normocapnic individuals at low salinity. Combined exposure to hypercapnia and low salinity negatively affected mechanical properties of shells of the juveniles, resulting in reduced hardness and fracture resistance. Thus, our data suggest that the combined effects of elevated P CO2 and fluctuating salinity may jeopardize the survival of eastern oysters because of weakening of their shells and increased energy consumption.

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“…The bell of diving spiders, midge-induced plant galls, polychaete burrows and termite mounds are a few of the many extended structures examined. How the environment influences the performance of these biomaterials is also crucially important (Byrne et al, 2011). The extended material is, after all, often the first line of defense between an environmental shock and the organism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing environments and structure–property relationships in marine biomaterials

Waite

Broomell

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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survival measures might produce inferior biomaterials; (2) during an abrupt and extreme environmental stress, one or more factors (e.g. waves and acidic run-off) might combine to briefly undermine the performance of materials in service, or (3) during a sustained change in the environment that is not physiologically stressful, the quality of normal biomaterials might deteriorate (Fig.1). To date, it remains unknown whether the first, second, third, or some combination of the three represents the most realistic perturbation of biomaterials serving an individual or community.Of the many different properties exhibited by extra-organismic biomaterials in the extended organism, many research groups including ours have focused on those with mechanical or load bearing properties. These are necessary in biomaterials that function in, for example, support, shelter, feeding, prey capture and adhesion. This review is about structure-function relationships in the load-bearing biomaterials of extended organisms and the hypothesis that the functional performance of biomaterials is linked to structures that are perturbed by a changing environment. The proposition is somewhat rhetorical because the toolkits to properly test it are incomplete and few are suited to field ecology. Notwithstanding this, the overview will briefly survey old and new techniques for studying structures and mechanical properties in marine biomaterials, survey how different test conditions affect structure and function in byssal threads, and speculate on what these studies might contribute to ecomechanics. Approaches to structure-function analysisA major goal in experimental biology is discovering relationships between structure and function. This goal is equally relevant to studying biomaterials, except that mechanical properties are used as proxies for function. It is understood that the measured mechanical properties may only be one of many in a multifunctional material. The conventional wisdom in materials science is that structure determines properties; thus, altering structure is likely to alter Accepted 31 May 2011 Summary Most marine organisms make functional biomolecular materials that extend to varying degrees ʻbeyond their skinsʼ. These materials are very diverse and include shells, spines, frustules, tubes, mucus trails, egg capsules and byssal threads, to mention a few. Because they are devoid of cells, these materials lack the dynamic maintenance afforded intra-organismic tissues and thus are usually assumed to be inherently more durable than their internalized counterparts. Recent advances in nanomechanics and submicron spectroscopic imaging have enabled the characterization of structure-property relationships in a variety of extraorganismic materials and provided important new insights about their adaptive functions and stability. Some structure-property relationships in byssal threads are described to show how available analytical methods can reveal hitherto unappreciated interdependences between these materials and their prevailing che...

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Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean

Cited by 159 publications

References 48 publications

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine shelled molluscs

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine shelled molluscs

Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

Changing environments and structure–property relationships in marine biomaterials

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