Unsafe disposal of faeces and its correlates among children under three years in Eswatini

Simelane, Maswati S.; Chemhaka, Garikayi B.; Maphosa, Thulani; Zwane, Eugene

doi:10.7196/sajch.2020.v14i4.01726

Cited by 6 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The odds of safe stool disposal increases with increasing child age. This is nding is consistent with the studies done in Malawi, Ethiopia, Eswatini and Ghana (15,18,25,29) .The possible reason might be that as children get older especially starting from 6 months as they start complementary feeding their stool becomes offensive which increases the likelihood of safe stool disposal in older children as compared to younger children less than 6 month whose stool is not offensive making it favorable to defecate on clothes/diapers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The prevalence of safe stool disposal among mothers whose child was aged below two years of age was 56.3%( 95%CI: 54.5%, 58.1%)). The nding of the study is higher than studies done in Eswatini, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, India, and Orissa (3,15,20,23,24). On the other hands, the nding of the current study is lower than the study conducted in Malawi, Cambodia and Sub-Saharan Africa (19,25,26).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…Safe child stool disposal was the outcome variable of this study which was obtained after categorizing child stool disposal in to two as safe (Flush or pour-ush toilet/latrine to( piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine ), Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine and Pit latrine with slab ) and unsafe(pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines) Independent Variables Age of the mother, religion, region, educational level, occupation, residence, wealth index, media exposure (yes, no), age of the child, toilet facility(improved, unimproved), sex of the child, birth order, visited a health facility in the last 12 months (yes, no), history of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks preceding the survey (yes, no), source of drinking water(improved, unimproved) and the number of living children were included in the study. Those variables were identi ed after reviewing different literature (5,15,18,19,22).…”

Section: Dependent Variablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diarrhea is one of the most common causes of under-ve mortality rate (13) (14). There is a common misunderstanding that child faeces are less infectious than adult (15) (16). Besides the Water and Sanitation Project implemented by the Department of Water Resources, to introduce hygienic means of excreta disposal in the entire country, there has not been much-coordinated policy response to basic sanitation issues in the country (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safe stool disposal and associated factors among mothers of children under-two age in Gambia: Evidence from Gambia Demographic Health Survey 2019/20

Tsegaw

Mulat

Shitu

2022

Preprint

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Background Appropriate disposal of child stool is vital in preventing the spread of faceo-oral diseases. According to WHO/ UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, Safe child stool disposal includes disposing a stool in to Flush or pour-flush toilet/latrine to (piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine ), Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine and Pit latrine with slab. Objective The study aimed to assess safe child stool disposal practice and associated factors among mothers having under two age’s children in Gambia Methods This study was based on a large community-based cross-sectional survey, conducted from 21 November 2019 to 30 March 2020 in Gambia. The survey employed a two-staged stratified cluster sampling technique to recruit study participants. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to summarize descriptive data and identify factors associated with safe waste disposal, respectively. A p-value of less than 0.05 and 95% confidence interval were used to determine statistical significance. Results The prevalence of safe stool disposal among mothers having under two years of age were 56.3%( 95%CI: 54.6%, 58.1%). Mothers with in the age range of 25–34 (AOR = 0.78 (95%CI: 0.62, 0.98)),rich wealth quintile (AOR = 0.43 (95%CI:0.33,0.56)), being exposed to media (AOR = 1.37 (95%CI: 1.07, 1.76)), increasing age of children (AOR = 1.06 (1.05, 1.07)), Being employed (AOR = 1.31 (1.11, 1.55)) and Geographic region were significantly associated with safe child disposal practice. Conclusion The prevalence of safe child stool disposal was low in Gambia. Age of the mother, age of the child, region, wealth index, media exposure and occupational status of the mother were significantly associated with safe child stool disposal. Public health intervention strategies designed to promote safe child stools disposal need to conduct thorough community assessments to identify community-specific facilitators, needs and barriers. Additionally, public health experts and policy makers should take into consideration the geographical and wealth inequalities when designing programs aimed to improve safe child stool disposal practice

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Section: Dependent Variablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Safe stool disposal and associated factors among mothers of children under-two age in Gambia: Evidence from Gambia Demographic Health Survey 2019/20

Tsegaw

Mulat

Shitu

2022

Preprint

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“…Several studies done in Nepal (Lamichhane et al 2018), Indonesia (Cronin et al 2016), Thailand (Wilunda & Alessio 2009), Cambodia (Vong et al 2021), India (Bawankule et al 2017), and Kenya (World Bank/UNICEF 2015) have linked unsafe fecal disposal to an increased risk of childhood diarrhea. However, studies conducted in Ethiopia (Sahiledengle 2020), Papua New Guinea (Seidu et al 2020), Nigeria (Aluko et al 2017), and Eswatini (Simelane et al 2020) found that unsafe fecal disposal in children reduces the risk of childhood diarrhea. It might be that the availability of physical infrastructure alone is insufficient to assure the adoption of safe child feces disposal practices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unsafe fecal disposal practices in children and the nexus with childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Soboksa

Olkeba

Negassa

et al. 2022

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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In household environments, the improper handling of children's feces can be a significant contaminant, raising a high risk of child exposure. Thus, the objective of this study was to pool the available evidence on the prevalence of safe child feces disposal practices and their association with reported childhood diarrhea in low-income and middle-income countries. PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library databases, Ovid Medline, Google Scholar, and references of other studies were searched. The search was limited to studies published in English-language literature. Two independent reviewers used an appropriate tool to critically appraise the selected studies. Stata version 16 was used for the analysis. The pooled prevalence of unsafe disposal of children's feces among 20 studies was 52.63% (95% CI: 0.43–0.62). Overall, the meta-analysis found that unsafe disposal practices insignificantly increased the risk of diarrhea by 4% (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.84–1.24). In the subgroup analysis, unsafe disposal of children's feces decreased the risk of diarrhea in Oceania (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.62–0.88) and increased in Asia (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.25–1.41). In conclusion, the prevalence of unsafe child feces disposal practices was high. There was no significant association between unsafe child feces disposal practices and diarrhea.

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2-week prevalence and associated factors of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6–23 months in rural Hunan Province

Li,

Xiao,

Liao

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Fever and diarrhea are key causes of malnutrition, growth and development disorders, and death among children. At present, most studies on the associated factors of fever and diarrhea in children are concentrated in African and South Asian countries, but relevant research in China is very limited. This study was aimed to analyze the two-week prevalence of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6–23 months in rural areas of Hunan Province and to explore the associated factors. The survey data of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas (NIPCPA) from 2016 to 2023 was used here. NIPCPA is a cross-sectional survey completed annually in Hunan to collect children’s nutrition and health indicators. The two-week prevalence rates of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6–23 months were 12.2% (2066/16,985), 9.6% (1634/16,985), and 3.2% (542/16,985), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the risks of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea were higher among younger children. The high educational level of caregivers, effective consumption of Yingyangbao (a complementary food supplement containing iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins A, D, B1, B2, B12, folic acid, and other micronutrients), and complementary feeding meeting minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against fever in children, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 0.87 (95%CI: 0.78–0.98), 0.78 (0.69–0.87), 0.73 (0.65–0.82), and 0.74 (0.66–0.84), respectively. Effective consumption of Yingyangbao, and complementary feeding meeting the minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against diarrhea in children, with aORs of 0.72 (95%CI: 0.63–0.83), 0.79 (0.70–0.91), and 0.80 (0.70–0.92), respectively. Effective consumption of Yingyangbao, and complementary feeding meeting the minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against coexisting fever and diarrhea among children, with aORs of 0.53 (95%CI: 0.43–0.66), 0.71 (0.58–0.89), and 0.70 (0.56–0.88), respectively. Fever, diarrhea, and the coexisting fever and diarrhea affect one in eight, one in ten, and one in thirty children respectively in rural areas of Hunan. Effective interventions should be actively taken, such as improving the education level of caregivers, enhancing their scientific feeding skills for children, and promoting children’s compliance with Yingyangbao consumption, to further reduce the prevalence of fever and diarrhea in children.

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Unsafe disposal of faeces and its correlates among children under three years in Eswatini

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Safe stool disposal and associated factors among mothers of children under-two age in Gambia: Evidence from Gambia Demographic Health Survey 2019/20

Safe stool disposal and associated factors among mothers of children under-two age in Gambia: Evidence from Gambia Demographic Health Survey 2019/20

Unsafe fecal disposal practices in children and the nexus with childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2-week prevalence and associated factors of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6–23 months in rural Hunan Province

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