Unreinforced and carbon fibre reinforced hydroxyapatite: resistance against microabrasion

Biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials based on calcium orthophosphates

“…Certainly, this problem must be solved. To conclude the carbon subject, one should mention the application of carbon fibers of microscopic dimensions, [1085][1086][1087] nanodimensional diamonds 1088 and C 60 847 to reinforce HA bioceramics.…”

Calcium orthophosphate-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials

“…Therefore, during the in vivo bioresorption, the nanotubes will get into the human body from the biocomposite matrix and might cause uncertain health problems. Except of carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers of microscopic dimensions are also used to reinforce HA bioceramics [885][886][887].…”

Short Fiber Reinforced Hydroxyapatite‐based Bioceramics

“…The thermal expansion coefficient of carbon fibers is between ±0.1 and +1.0´10 ±6 K ±1 . Own results confirm, that this drastic difference in thermal expansion leads to a crack net in the composites with carbon fibers after hot pressing up to 1150 C. [15] Methods of tailoring the fiber-matrix interface: A basic character and functional groups, especially hydroxyl groups, on the surface of carbon fibers are able to form bonds with calcium phosphates driven from sol-gel methods, and hereby, result in a good interfacial interaction. [2] Matrix coatings can further tailor the interface between carbon fibers and hydroxyapatite.…”

“…[12,13] Secondly, there can be defects within the ceramic matrix, like cracks or porosity. [2,14,15] Diffusion between fibers and hydroxyapatite was evaluated by Knepper et al [12] Elements from the hydroxyapatite matrix (calcium, phosphorous) appear to diffuse into metallic short fibers, like stainless steel and titanium fibers. The extend of diffusion depends on the sintering parameters strongly.…”