Abstract:A common feature of the aging process is a decline in immune system performance. Extensive research has sought to elucidate how changes in adaptive immunity contribute to aging and to provide evidence showing that changes in innate immunity have an important role in the overall decline of net immune function. Drosophila is an emerging model used to address questions related to immunosenescence via research that integrates its capacity for genetic dissection of aging with groundbreaking molecular biology relate… Show more
“…In aging flies, increased amounts of L. plantarum in the gut thus leads to ISCs over proliferation, gut hyperplasia and shortening of lifespan. The increase in bacterial loads in the gut of the aging flies has been associated to gut immune senescence, which leads to a weakening of the immune response to both pathogenic and commensal microbes [38]. Similar to Iatsenko et al, Fast et al showed that CR Drosophila show reduced lifespan and increased ISCs proliferation compared to their GF counterparts.…”
Section: Commensal Microbes and Adult Lifespanmentioning
The interactions between animals and their commensal microbes profoundly influence the host's physiology. In the last decade, Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively used as a model to study host-commensal microbes interactions. Here, we review the most recent advances in this field. We focus on studies that extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of commensal microbes on Drosophila's development and lifespan. We emphasize how commensal microbes influence nutrition and the intestinal epithelium homeostasis; how they elicit immune tolerance mechanisms and how these physiological processes are interconnected. Finally, we discuss the importance of diets and microbial strains and show how they can be confounding factors of microbe mediated host phenotypes.
“…In aging flies, increased amounts of L. plantarum in the gut thus leads to ISCs over proliferation, gut hyperplasia and shortening of lifespan. The increase in bacterial loads in the gut of the aging flies has been associated to gut immune senescence, which leads to a weakening of the immune response to both pathogenic and commensal microbes [38]. Similar to Iatsenko et al, Fast et al showed that CR Drosophila show reduced lifespan and increased ISCs proliferation compared to their GF counterparts.…”
Section: Commensal Microbes and Adult Lifespanmentioning
The interactions between animals and their commensal microbes profoundly influence the host's physiology. In the last decade, Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively used as a model to study host-commensal microbes interactions. Here, we review the most recent advances in this field. We focus on studies that extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of commensal microbes on Drosophila's development and lifespan. We emphasize how commensal microbes influence nutrition and the intestinal epithelium homeostasis; how they elicit immune tolerance mechanisms and how these physiological processes are interconnected. Finally, we discuss the importance of diets and microbial strains and show how they can be confounding factors of microbe mediated host phenotypes.
“…2). Interestingly, age-related immunosenescence seems to be an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon, e.g., in insects, birds, and mammals [23–25]. We will examine more thoroughly the specific changes in immunosenescence and compare their characteristics to those induced by MDSCs.Fig.…”
The aging process is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in both humans and rodents, commonly called inflammaging. At the same time, there is a gradual decline in the functional capacity of adaptive and innate immune systems, i.e., immunosenescence, a process not only linked to the aging process, but also encountered in several pathological conditions involving chronic inflammation. The hallmarks of immunosenescence include a decline in the numbers of naïve CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells, an imbalance in the T cell subsets, and a decrease in T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and signaling. Correspondingly, there is a decline in B cell lymphopoiesis and a reduction in antibody production. The age-related changes are not as profound in innate immunity as they are in adaptive immunity. However, there are distinct functional deficiencies in dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes/macrophages with aging. Interestingly, the immunosuppression induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in diverse inflammatory conditions also targets mainly the T and B cell compartments, i.e., inducing very similar alterations to those present in immunosenescence. Here, we will compare the immune profiles induced by immunosenescence and the MDSC-driven immunosuppression. Given that the appearance of MDSCs significantly increases with aging and MDSCs are the enhancers of other immunosuppressive cells, e.g., regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs), it seems likely that MDSCs might remodel the immune system, thus preventing excessive inflammation with aging. We propose that MDSCs are potent inducers of immunosenescence.
“…The articles by Konieczny and Arranz [4], by Garrido et al [5], and by Min and Tatar [6] help in the better understanding of aging by focusing on several important aspects involving immunosenescence.…”
Section: Helping To Understand the Aging Process And Immunosenescencementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The article by Min and Tatar [6] considers a very relevant subject. The authors used the Drosophila as a model to unravel the molecular mechanism of the process of immunosenescence.…”
Section: Helping To Understand the Aging Process And Immunosenescencementioning
In the special issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067) entitled: Immunosenescence and related processes, eight relevant articles are presented [...]
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
