Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and has a high propensity to develop into End-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hydroxychloroquine has been proven to reduce proteinuria in patients with IgAN, while the precise mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we use network pharmacology to investigate the mechanism.
Methods: We utilized PubChem and SwissADME databases to acquire the structure of hydroxychloroquine. Then, we utilized SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, DrugBank, TargetNet, and BATMAN-TCM databases to get the targets. Furthermore, the target genes related to IgAN were gathered from the databases, including GeneCards, PHARMGKB, DrugBank, OMIM, and DisGeNET. And common targets were obtained by UniProt. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were undertaken to define the main molecular mechanisms and pathways. Moreover, we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network by using the STRING tool and got the core targets by utilizing Cytoscape. Finally, the molecular docking between the core targets and hydroxychloroquine was performed.
Results: We acquired 167 common target genes by overlapping. The core targets were TNF, ALB, IL1B, JUN, FOS, SRC, and MMP9. The GO and KEGG results indicated the targets were related to the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and were engaged in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the molecular docking results demonstrated that the core targets all combined with hydroxychloroquine closely.
Conclusion: Our study indicated that hydroxychloroquine may treat IgAN through the TLR signaling pathway, and the restraint of TNF, TLR, ALB, and JUN may be crucial to the treatment.