Unraveling the Biochemical Base of Dahlia Flower Coloration

Halbwirth, Heidi; Muster, G.; Stich, Karl

doi:10.1177/1934578x0800300807

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Helianthus, Ageratina, Dahlia, Rudbeckia) lacks Dp-based anthocyanins. Here, blue flower colours or at least bluish tints based on Cy are the result of commercial breeding approaches in Dahlia hybrida (tribe Coreopsideae) (Nordstrom and Swain 1953;Halbwirth et al 2008) and Rudbeckia hirta (tribe Heliantheae).…”

Section: Identification Of Flowers Containing Delphinidin-type Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple evolution of flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase

Seitz¹,

Ameres²,

Schlangen

et al. 2015

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Multiple F3'5'H evolution from F3'H has occurred in dicotyledonous plants. Efficient pollinator attraction is probably the driving force behind, as this allowed for the synthesis of delphinidin-based blue anthocyanins. The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) hydroxylate the B-ring of flavonoids at the 3'- and 3'- and 5'-position, respectively. Their divergence took place early in plant evolution. While F3'H is ubiquitously present in higher plants, the distribution of F3'5'H is scattered. Here, we report that F3'5'H has repeatedly evolved from F3'H precursors at least four times in dicotyledonous plants: In the Asteraceae, we identified F3'5'Hs specific for the subfamilies Cichorioideae and Asteroideae, and additionally an F3'5'H that seems to be specific for the genus Echinops of the subfamily Carduoideae; moreover, characterisation of a sequence from Billardiera heterophylla (formerly Sollya heterophylla) (Pittosporaceae) showed that the independent evolution of an F3'5'H has occurred at least once also in another family. The evolution of F3'5'H from an F3'H precursor represents a gain of enzymatic function, probably triggered by an amino acid change at one position of substrate recognition site 6. The gain of F3'5'H activity allows for the synthesis of delphinidin-based anthocyanins which usually provide the basis for lilac to blue flower colours. Therefore, the need for an efficient pollinator attraction is probably the driving force behind the multiple F3'5'H evolution.

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Section: Identification Of Flowers Containing Delphinidin-type Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple evolution of flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase

Seitz¹,

Ameres²,

Schlangen

et al. 2015

Planta

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“…6’-Deoxychalcones (derivatives of butein and isoliquiritigenin) and the corresponding 4-deoxyaurones (derivatives of sulfuretin) are the chemical base of yellow flower colour in D. variabilis and are mixed with anthocyanins (derivatives of pelargonidin and cyanidin) in orange and red forms [6,7]. A screening of more than 200 dahlia cultivars showed that the different red tones are based on the same set of anthocyanins and that variation in the anthocyanin concentration, the modification pattern of the core structures and probably also pH is responsible for the formation of different hues [3]. Orange, rose and lilac cultivars frequently showed lower anthocyanin contents than red and magenta cultivars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orange, rose and lilac cultivars frequently showed lower anthocyanin contents than red and magenta cultivars. In the case of rose and lilac cultivars this seems to be primarily based on a lower chalcone synthase (CHS) activity [3]. Yellow and white cultivars do not accumulate anthocyanins due to a bottleneck or blockage of the anthocyanin pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yellow and white cultivars do not accumulate anthocyanins due to a bottleneck or blockage of the anthocyanin pathway. Although there is no general rule, for yellow cultivars this was most frequently observed at the levels of both flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FHT, synonym F3H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) [3], which was recently confirmed by gene expression studies on a yellow cultivar demonstrating the absence of DFR, FHT and ANS expression due to the suppression of a bHLH transcription factor [8]. In the majority of white cultivars, in contrast, DFR alone was affected [3], which was also reflected by gene expression studies of 7 white and star-type cultivars [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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'Le Rouge et le Noir': A decline in flavone formation correlates with the rare color of black dahlia (Dahlia variabilis hort.) flowers

et al. 2012

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BackgroundMore than 20,000 cultivars of garden dahlia (Dahlia variabilis hort.) are available showing flower colour from white, yellow and orange to every imaginable hue of red and purple tones. Thereof, only a handful of cultivars are so-called black dahlias showing distinct black-red tints. Flower colour in dahlia is a result of the accumulation of red anthocyanins, yellow anthochlors (6’-deoxychalcones and 4-deoxyaurones) and colourless flavones and flavonols, which act as copigments. White and yellow coloration occurs only if the pathway leading to anthocyanins is incomplete. Not in all cultivars the same step of the anthocyanin pathway is affected, but the lack of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activity is frequently observed and this seems to be based on the suppression of the transcription factor DvIVS. The hitherto unknown molecular background for black colour in dahlia is here presented.ResultsBlack cultivars accumulate high amounts of anthocyanins, but show drastically reduced flavone contents. High activities were observed for all enzymes from the anthocyanin pathway whereas FNS II activity could not be detected or only to a low extent in 13 of 14 cultivars. cDNA clones and genomic clones of FNS II were isolated. Independently from the colour type, heterologous expression of the cDNA clones resulted in functionally active enzymes. FNS II possesses one intron of varying length. Quantitative Real-time PCR showed that FNS II expression in black cultivars is low compared to other cultivars. No differences between black and red cultivars were observed in the expression of transcription factors IVS and possible regulatory genes WDR1, WDR2, MYB1, MYB2, 3RMYB and DEL or the structural genes of the flavonoid pathway. Despite the suppression of FHT expression, flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FHT, synonym F3H) enzyme activity was clearly present in the yellow and white cultivars.ConclusionsAn increased accumulation of anthocyanins establishes the black flowering phenotypes. In the majority of black cultivars this is due to decreased flavone accumulation and thus a lack of competition for flavanones as the common precursors of flavone formation and the anthocyanin pathway. The low FNS II activity is reflected by decreased FNS II expression.

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“…In the pathway leading to anthocyanins and flavones, cyanidin and luteolin are synthesized via flavonoid 3 0 -hydroxylase (F3 0 H) activity as counterparts to pelargonidin and apigenin, respectively (Ayabe and Akashi 2006;Tanaka and Brugliera 2013). In dahlia, these enzymes have been studied (Fischer et al 1988;Wimmer et al 1998;Halbwirth et al 2008;Thill et al 2012) and the genes encoding the enzymes have been isolated (Schlangen et al 2010b;Ohno et al 2011a, b;Deguchi et al 2013). In addition, a bHLH transcription factor, DvIVS, regulates anthocyanin levels by regulating the expression of DvCHS1, DvF3H, DvDFR, and DvANS (Ohno et al 2011a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Tobacco streak virus (strain dahlia) suppresses post-transcriptional gene silencing of flavone synthase II in black dahlia cultivars and causes a drastic flower color change

Deguchi

Tatsuzawa

Hosokawa

et al. 2015

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Tobacco streak virus suppressed post-transcriptional gene silencing and caused a flower color change in black dahlias, which supported the role of cyanidin-based anthocyanins for black flower appearance. Black flower color of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) has been attributed, in part, to the high accumulation of cyanidin-based anthocyanins that occurs when flavone synthesis is reduced because of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of flavone synthase II (DvFNS). There are also purple-flowering plants that have emerged from a black cultivar 'Kokucho'. We report that the purple color is not caused by a mutation, as previously thought, but by infection with tobacco streak virus (TSVdahlia), which suppresses the PTGS of DvFNS. When TSVdahlia was eliminated from the purple-flowering 'Kokucho' by leaf primordia-free shoot apical meristem culture, the resulting flowers were black. TSVdahlia-infected purple flowers had lower numbers of siRNAs to DvFNS than black flowers, suggesting that TSVdahlia has a silencing suppressor. The graft inoculation of other black cultivars with TSVdahlia altered their flower color drastically except for 'Fidalgo Blacky', a very deep black cultivar with the highest amount of cyanidin-based anthocyanins. The flowers of all six TSVdahlia-infected cultivars accumulated increased amounts of flavones and reduced amounts of cyanidin-based anthocyanins. 'Fidalgo Blacky' remained black despite the change in pigment accumulation, and the amounts of cyanidin-based anthocyanins in its TSVdahlia-infected plants were still higher than those of other cultivars. We propose that black flower color in dahlia is controlled by two different mechanisms that increase the amount of cyanidin-based anthocyanins: DvFNS PTGS-dependent and -independent mechanisms. If both mechanisms occur simultaneously, the flower color will be blacker than if only a single mechanism is active.

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Unraveling the Biochemical Base of Dahlia Flower Coloration

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Multiple evolution of flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase

Multiple evolution of flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase

'Le Rouge et le Noir': A decline in flavone formation correlates with the rare color of black dahlia (Dahlia variabilis hort.) flowers

Tobacco streak virus (strain dahlia) suppresses post-transcriptional gene silencing of flavone synthase II in black dahlia cultivars and causes a drastic flower color change

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