Unraveling the adipocyte inflammomodulatory pathways activated by North American ginseng

Abstract

BACKGROUND: North American (NA) ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a popular natural health product (NHP) that has been demonstrated to regulate immune function, inflammatory processes and response to stress and fatigue. Recent evidence suggests that various extracts of NA ginseng may have different bioactivities because of distinct profiles of ginsenosides and polysaccharides. To date, the bioactive role of ginseng on adipocytes remains relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this work was to study the extract-specific bioactivity of NA ginseng on differentiated preadipocyte gene expression and adipocytokine secretion. METHODS: In vitro differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with 25 and 50 mg ml À 1 of either crude ethanol (EtOH) or aqueous (AQ) NA ginseng extracts, or polysaccharide and ginsenoside extracts isolated from the AQ extract. Global gene expression was studied with microarrays and the resulting data were analyzed with functional pathway analysis. Adipocytokine secretion was also measured in media. RESULTS: Pathway analysis indicated that the AQ extract, and in particular the polysaccharide extract, triggered a global inflammomodulatory response in differentiated preadipocytes. Specifically, the expression of Il-6 (interleukin 6), Ccl5 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5), Nfkb (nuclear factor-kappaB) and Tnfa (tumor necrosis factor alpha) was increased. These effects were also reflected at the protein level through the increased secretion of IL-6 and CCL5. No effect was seen with the EtOH extract or ginsenoside extract. Using a specific toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor reduced the upregulation of inflammatory gene expression, indicating the relevance of this pathway for the signaling capacity of NA ginseng polysaccharides. CONCLUSION: This work emphasizes the distinct bioactivities of different ginseng extracts on differentiated preadipocyte signaling pathways, and highlights the importance of TLR4 for mediating the inflammomodulatory role of ginseng polysaccharides.

Hypodermal delivery of cosmetic actives for improved facial skin morphology and functionality

“…Interestingly, some of genes modulated by SBD.5HCF have been also found to be similarly modulated by other nutraceutical natural compounds, suggesting, perhaps, a comparable mechanism of action. For example, CCL5 is induced in 3T3-L1 cells by American ginseng polysaccharides [32] and FAS is involved in the differentiation response elicited by resveratrol from grape seeds [33]. We hypothesize that in the skin, such upregulation of pre-adipocyte differentiation may supplement hypodermis with new adipocytes, stimulate lipogenesis and decrease lipotoxicity (through ORL1 upregulation), as well as induce upward signal transduction resulting in upregulation of protective and regenerative matrikines TNC, LAMB3 and COL1A1 in the upper layers of the skin.…”

Docosahexaenoic Acid Decreases Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in an In Vitro Murine Adipocyte Macrophage Co-Culture Model

“…Both cell types were maintained separately in basic media containing DMEM without sodium pyruvate (HyClone, USA), plus 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (FBS, low-endotoxin, Canadian origin, Sigma, USA), and 1% v/v penicillin streptomycin (HyClone, USA). Pre-adipocytes were seeded in 6-well plates (Corning, USA) at a density of 3000 cells/cm 2 , and at 2 days post-confluence (designated as day 0), differentiation was induced using basic media plus 1 µmol/L dexamethasone, 0.5 mmol/L isobutyl-methylxanthine, and 5 µg/mL insulin (Sigma, USA) for 2 days (day 2) as described previously [23]. Media was replaced with basic media containing 5 µg/mL insulin on days 2, 4, and 6 post-differentiation.…”

Phenotypic and functional analysis of the modification of murine bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) induced by neutral Ginseng polysaccharides (NGP)

“…3 The reports from early studies claimed that NGP was with many immune-enhancing properties, like activation of macrophage and NK cells, increasing secretion of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12 and IL-6, production of antibody by B cell, regulating immune function, inflammatory or antiviral processes and response to stress and fatigue. [4][5][6][7] In…”