Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection

Midgley, Kayla A.; Berg, Noëlani van den; Swart, Velushka

doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061139

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Almost twice as many RXLR genes (147) were identified in the new P. agathidicida genome assembly compared to the previous fragmented assembly (78). RXLRs are the best studied among all the effectors of Phytophthora species ( Anderson et al, 2015 ; Deb et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2019a ; Chepsergon et al, 2021 ) and are often the largest class of intracellular effectors in Phytophthora pathogens ( Boevink et al, 2020 ; Midgley et al, 2022 ). RXLR proteins function in many different regions of the cell and have many different roles ( Boevink et al, 2020 ; Midgley et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RXLRs are the best studied among all the effectors of Phytophthora species ( Anderson et al, 2015 ; Deb et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2019a ; Chepsergon et al, 2021 ) and are often the largest class of intracellular effectors in Phytophthora pathogens ( Boevink et al, 2020 ; Midgley et al, 2022 ). RXLR proteins function in many different regions of the cell and have many different roles ( Boevink et al, 2020 ; Midgley et al, 2022 ). Among these, the ability of some RXLRs to induce or suppress plant cell death are well known ( Deb et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chromosome-level assembly of the Phytophthora agathidicida genome reveals adaptation in effector gene families

et al. 2022

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Phytophthora species are notorious plant pathogens, with some causing devastating tree diseases that threaten the survival of their host species. One such example is Phytophthora agathidicida, the causal agent of kauri dieback – a root and trunk rot disease that kills the ancient, iconic and culturally significant tree species, Agathis australis (New Zealand kauri). A deeper understanding of how Phytophthora pathogens infect their hosts and cause disease is critical for the development of effective treatments. Such an understanding can be gained by interrogating pathogen genomes for effector genes, which are involved in virulence or pathogenicity. Although genome sequencing has become more affordable, the complete assembly of Phytophthora genomes has been problematic, particularly for those with a high abundance of repetitive sequences. Therefore, effector genes located in repetitive regions could be truncated or missed in a fragmented genome assembly. Using a combination of long-read PacBio sequences, chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) and Illumina short reads, we assembled the P. agathidicida genome into ten complete chromosomes, with a genome size of 57 Mb including 34% repeats. This is the first Phytophthora genome assembled to chromosome level and it reveals a high level of syntenic conservation with the complete genome of Peronospora effusa, the only other completely assembled genome sequence of an oomycete. All P. agathidicida chromosomes have clearly defined centromeres and contain candidate effector genes such as RXLRs and CRNs, but in different proportions, reflecting the presence of gene family clusters. Candidate effector genes are predominantly found in gene-poor, repeat-rich regions of the genome, and in some cases showed a high degree of duplication. Analysis of candidate RXLR effector genes that occur in multicopy gene families indicated half of them were not expressed in planta. Candidate CRN effector gene families showed evidence of transposon-mediated recombination leading to new combinations of protein domains, both within and between chromosomes. Further analysis of this complete genome assembly will help inform new methods of disease control against P. agathidicida and other Phytophthora species, ultimately helping decipher how Phytophthora pathogens have evolved to shape their effector repertoires and how they might adapt in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromosome-level assembly of the Phytophthora agathidicida genome reveals adaptation in effector gene families

et al. 2022

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“…Apoplastic effectors are secreted into the apoplast of plant cells, and they bind either host derived apoplastic proteins or membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), acting either as virulence factors to inhibit plant defenses or as molecular patterns to stimulate plant immunity [ 13 ]. The majority of P. sojae apoplastic effectors reported to induce host cell death belong to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) and Nep1-like proteins (NLPs) protein family [ 14 ]. The NLPs contain an N-terminal secretion signal and a semi-conserved necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 (NPP1) domain [ 15 ].…”

Section: Effector Proteins Of P Sojae : the Key To...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean-Phytophthora sojae Interaction

Madina

Santhanam

Asselin

et al. 2022

JoF

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Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.

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“…In particular, there is little to no knowledge on how P. cinnamomi maintains a biotrophic lifestyle early in infection, or switches to a necrotrophic lifestyle later during infection [ 11 ]. A likely mechanism utilized to promote biphasic infection would be suppression of the hypersensitive response (HR) during the biotrophic phase and subsequent promotion during the necrotrophic phase [ 11 – 14 ]. The HR is a specialized form of programmed cell death (PCD), involving rapid localized cell death at the site of pathogen penetration and is often associated with disease resistance [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi CRN effectors and their roles in manipulating cell death during Persea americana infection

Midgley,

van den Berg,

Backer

et al. 2024

BMC Genomics

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The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a devastating plant pathogen with a notably broad host range. It is the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR), arguably the most economically important yield-limiting disease in Persea americana (avocado). Despite this, our understanding of the mechanisms P. cinnamomi employs to infect and successfully colonize avocado remains limited, particularly regarding the pathogen’s ability to maintain its biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles during infection. The pathogen utilises a large repertoire of effector proteins which function in facilitating and establishing disease in susceptible host plants. Crinkling and necrosis effectors (CRN/Crinklers) are suspected to manipulate cell death to aid in maintenance of the pathogens biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles during different stages of infection. The current study identified 25 P. cinnamomi CRN effectors from the GKB4 genome using an HMM profile and assigned putative function to them as either cell death inducers or suppressors. Function was assigned to 10 PcinCRNs by analysing their RNA-seq expression profiles, relatedness to other functionally characterised Phytophthora CRNs and tertiary protein predictions. The full-length coding sequences for these PcinCRNs were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, six of which were found to have two divergent alleles. The presence of alleles indicates that the proteins encoded may perform contradicting functions in cell death manipulation, or function in different host plant species. Overall, this study provides a foundation for future research on P. cinnamomi infection and cell death manipulation mechanisms.

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Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection

Cited by 12 publications

References 176 publications

Chromosome-level assembly of the Phytophthora agathidicida genome reveals adaptation in effector gene families

Chromosome-level assembly of the Phytophthora agathidicida genome reveals adaptation in effector gene families

Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean-Phytophthora sojae Interaction

Identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi CRN effectors and their roles in manipulating cell death during Persea americana infection

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