Unraveling Developmental Dynamics and Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis in Panax notoginseng Stem Apices by Single-Cell Transcriptomics

Abstract

Background Panax notoginseng is often regarded as the foremost blood-nourishing herb due to its rich content of triterpene saponins, which possess various pharmacological activities. The transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing stem apex development and the expression of its major component, triterpene saponins, remain poorly understood. Results In this study, we constructed a single-cell transcriptome atlas of stem apices, and the cells were divided into seven major cell types, comprising a total of 14 subclusters. Subsequently, we analyzed the developmental trajectory patterns and gene expression features of stem apices and inferred relevant transcription factors associated with stem apex development. We discovered potential key transcription factors, PTI5 and IDD12, involved in the early development of stem apices. Additionally, we investigated the expression and regulation of the triterpene saponin synthesis pathway in stem apices. Conclusions Therefore, the aim of this study is to elucidate the developmental trajectory of P. notoginseng stem apices and identify key transcription factors, opening a new avenue for future research of Panax genus.