Unraveling and profiling Tityus bahiensis venom: Biochemical analyses of the major toxins

Profiling the Linear Peptides of Venom from the Brazilian Scorpion Tityus serrulatus: Structural and Functional Characterization

“…It is important to point out that in the present study the extraction of peptides from scorpion venom was performed in the presence of a cocktail of protease inhibitors, to avoid accidental cleavages during sample manipulation. Therefore, the cryptides reported here appeared to be compounds produced naturally in the venom of T. serrulatus due to endogenously controlled proteolysis, as discussed below. TyPep-1: The precursor protein was the hypotensin 1 from T. serrulatus venom, an agonist of the B2 bradykinin receptor (BDKRB2), which potentiates the hypotensive effect of bradykinin, inducing a bradykinin-independent vasodilation by endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms . The cryptic peptide originated due to cleavages at positions 36 and 51 of the precursor protein. TyPep-5: The precursor protein was the To27 scorpion venom toxin, which has not been functionally characterized.…”

“…TyPep-1: The precursor protein was the hypotensin 1 from T. serrulatus venom, an agonist of the B2 bradykinin receptor (BDKRB2), which potentiates the hypotensive effect of bradykinin, inducing a bradykinin-independent vasodilation by endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms . The cryptic peptide originated due to cleavages at positions 36 and 51 of the precursor protein.…”

“…The main effects of these cryptides involve endocrine signaling and extracellular matrix activities that influence angiogenesis, the immune system, and cell growth, so they represent an interesting opportunity for the development of new protein-based therapeutics. − Furthermore, post-translational modifications, such as the proteolysis of animal venoms, can increase the range of possible novel applications of these molecules. Investigations of cryptic proteins obtained from T. serrulatus venom demonstrated their capacity to induce vasodilation by activating muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M2 and M3 .…”

Identification of an Antimicrobial Peptide from the Venom of the Trinidad Thick-Tailed Scorpion Tityus trinitatis with Potent Activity against ESKAPE Pathogens and Clostridioides difficile

“…Venoms from these scorpions have been extensively investigated for the presence of clinically relevant peptides (reviewed in [ 2 ]). Tityus species whose venoms contain peptides with antimicrobial activity include Tityus asthenes [ 3 ], Tityus bahiensis [ 4 ], Tityus costatus [ 5 ], Tityus discrepans [ 6 ], Tityus obscurus [ 7 ], Tityus serrulatus [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] and Tityus stigmurus [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The most intensively studied antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from Tityus species are stigmurin and TsAP-2 from T. stigmurus, which display broad spectrum bactericidal activities and antiproliferative effects on tumor cells in vitro and reduce leukocyte migration, TNF-α levels, microorganism load in the peritoneal cavity and inflammation in the lung and cecum in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis [ 12 ].…”