Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients' behavior in a mental hospital

Gelfand, Donna M.; Gelfand, Sidney; Dobson, William R.

doi:10.1016/0005-7967(67)90035-6

Cited by 60 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For example, peer-group control of inappropriate behavior has often been suspected and sometimes documented (Buehler, Patterson, and Furniss, 1966;Gelfand, Gelfand, and Dobson, 1967;Solomon and Wahler, 1973 Bolstad and Johnson (1972) presented data that showed that both experimental and control subjects in the same classroom were all affected (although not to the same extent) by experimental manipulation of the reinforcement contingency for the experimental subjects, whereas control subjects in a different classroom were not so affected. The authors presented data that may account for these differences.…”

Section: Sequential Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION¹

Stokes

Baer

1977

J of App Behav Analysis

2,739

1,746

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Traditionally, discrimination has been understood as an active process, and a technology of its procedures has been developed and practiced extensively. Generalization, by contrast, has been considered the natural result of failing to practice a discrimination technology adequately, and thus has remained a passive concept almost devoid of a technology. But Traditionally, many theorists have considered generalization to be a passive phenomenon. Generalization was not seen as an operant response that could be programmed, but as a description of a "natural" outcome of any behavior-change process. That is, a teaching operation repeated over time and trials inevitably involves varying samples of stimuli, rather than the same set every time; in the same way, it inevitably evokes and reinforces varying samples of behavior, rather than the same set every time. As a consequence, it is predictable that newly taught responses would be controlled not only by the stimuli of the teaching program, but by others somewhat resembling those stimuli (Skinner, 1953, p. 107ff.). Similarly, responses resembling those established directly, yet not themselves actually touched by the teaching procedures, would appear as a result of the teaching (Keller and 'Preparation of this paper was supported in part by

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Section: Sequential Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION¹

Stokes

Baer

1977

J of App Behav Analysis

2,739

1,746

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“…The effect of social reinforcement observed by Gelfand et al (1967) seem to be extremely important because it is social reinforcement that probably maintains much interpersonal behavior in the community. Thus, utilization of social reinforcement in treatment could increase the probability of generalization of adaptive behavior to the community where similar reinforcers and contingencies exist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, initial efforts at operant conditioning treatment made effective use of social reinforcement (Ayllon and Michael, 1959), and more recently, the ubiquity of unscheduled social reinforcement has been implicated as a powerful source of reinforcement for maladaptive behavior in the typical psychiatric hospital (Gelfand, Gelfand, and Dobson, 1967 2The investigator wishes to thank the members of the psychiatric treatment teams on ward 8-S for their cooperation and specifically Messrs. Crawford, Brown, Rivers, Sims, Stevenson, Tucker, and White, without whose efforts this study would have been impossible.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Modification of Extreme Social Isolation by Contingent Social Reinforcement

Milby

1970

J of App Behav Analysis

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Two socially isolated patients were placed on a program where social reinforcement from staff members was made dependent on social interaction with other patients or staff members. This procedure was imposed in a setting where only limited control was possible. The level of social interaction and a concomitant alternate behavior in each patient was increased when the contingency for social reinforcement was imposed. The study provides another example of the efficacy of social reinforcement where there is little control over other reinforcers. Implications for use of similar procedures to increase generalization in the community are discussed.Many recent studies of operant conditioning treatment for severe psychological disorders have made use of tokens that could be used to purchase meals, beds, and other events and have been conducted on wards where much control was possible (Ayllon and Azrin, 1965;Ayllon and Azrin, 1969;Ayllon and Haughton, 1962). However, initial efforts at operant conditioning treatment made effective use of social reinforcement (Ayllon and Michael, 1959), and more recently, the ubiquity of unscheduled social reinforcement has been implicated as a powerful source of reinforcement for maladaptive behavior in the typical psychiatric hospital (Gelfand, Gelfand, and Dobson, 1967 2The investigator wishes to thank the members of the psychiatric treatment teams on ward 8-S for their cooperation and specifically Messrs. Crawford, Brown, Rivers, Sims, Stevenson, Tucker, and White, without whose efforts this study would have been impossible.

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“…This has been the most popular strategy for studying the ' behavioural ecology' of such complex settings as institutions and has yielded data which are both descriptive and illuminating (e.g. Gelfand et al, 1967;Hargreaves & Runyon, 1969;Cormack, 1976;Fairbanks et al, 1977;Willems, 1977;Poole el al., 1981). Sanson-Fisher & Jenkins (1978), for example, concluded from their observations of a correctional institution for delinquents that the inmates were successfully coercing staff into behaviours that were contrary to the therapeutic goals of the institution, a conclusion also reached by Buehler et al (1966).…”

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confidence: 98%

An observational evaluation of the effects of nurse training in behaviour therapy on unstructured ward activities and interactions

Milne¹

1985

British J Clinic Psychol

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The effects of a five-day in-service training in behaviour therapy for psychiatric nurses were assessed by naturalistic observations in three NHS long-stay wards. The observations focused on nurses' and patients' independent and interactive behaviours as a function of the course of training, during an unstructured part of the ward programme. A comparison of the behaviourally trained nurses and their colleagues indicated that the training had produced no systematic effect on independent activities and was associated with significantly less frequent or appropriate interactions with patients. These findings were contrasted with the nurses' proficiency in their structured use of behavioural techniques and led to an interpretation of patient control over their use of these new skills in default of staff management procedures. More broadly, the findings were regarded as an elaboration of the respective roles of staff training and management in institutional change. They were also viewed as evidence that circumscribed and short-term evaluations may be contradicted by more 'ecological' evaluations, which unobtrusively observe the broader consequences of our interventions into systems. In the long term these consequences may ultimately determine the effectiveness of our training endeavours and hence there is a pressing need for more process evaluations of the present kind.

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Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients' behavior in a mental hospital

Cited by 60 publications

References 6 publications

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION¹

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION¹

Modification of Extreme Social Isolation by Contingent Social Reinforcement

An observational evaluation of the effects of nurse training in behaviour therapy on unstructured ward activities and interactions

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Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients' behavior in a mental hospital

Cited by 60 publications

References 6 publications

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION1

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION1

Modification of Extreme Social Isolation by Contingent Social Reinforcement

An observational evaluation of the effects of nurse training in behaviour therapy on unstructured ward activities and interactions

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Product

Resources

About

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION¹

AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION¹