Unprecedently large 37Cl/35Cl equilibrium isotopic fractionation on nano-confinement of chloride anion

Abstract

Confinement can result in unusual properties leading to new, exciting discoveries in the nano-realm. One such consequence of confinement at the nanoscale is extremally large isotopic fractionation, especially at sub-van der Waals distances. Herein, on the example of chlorine isotope effects, we show that at conditions of nanoencapsulation these effects may reach values by far larger than observed for the bulk environment, which in the case of nanotubes can lead to practical applications (e.g., in isotopic enrichment) and needs to be considered in analytical procedures that employ nanomaterials.

Nano-Domains of Nuclear Magnetic Moments for Gravitational Stimulation of Biological Processes

“…These alterations of nuclear fields into electronic lattices are stronger for nonzero NMMs, so as to more strongly polarize the electronic lattices for greater polarizations by positive and negative NMMs. The proteins and nucleic acids in general have many atoms of positive NMMs such as 1 H, 14 N and 31 P and isotopic replacements can clump stable isotopes of negative NMMs such as 15 N and 17 O for novel effects by this theory. For atomic to molecular objects, the divergent integrations of gravity by equation ( 2) are superluminous and divergent differentiations of the gravitational excited state by equation ( 1) are superluminous for difficult luminous effects of surrounding quantas (by Newtonian-Leibnitzian Calculus).…”

“…Thereby the p + of Br and eeof Br, positive charge of p + and negative charge of electron explain the hydrogen bonding for explaining the strong force. The author here introduces the notion of unusual hydrogen bonding between nonpolar compounds like hydrocarbons and compounds having 15 N and 17 O stable isotopes due to effects of negative NMMs of the 15 N and 17 O pushing eeinto the hydrogen of the nonpolar compound. Thereby the author notes nonpolar regions in proteins and biomolecules may induce enrichments and novel interactions with 15 N, 17 O and other isotopes of negative NMMs; for instance the anesthetic effects of noble gases like Xe and Kr can be reasoned by their isotopes of negative NMMs interacting with nonpolar regions of biomolecules for novel hydrogen bonding and dynamics.…”

“…Other examples of this include: biomolecules and life [10], lightning by nanoice particles (H2O) [7], unconventional nuclear reactions ( 1 H and Ni and Pd) [11], interstellar dust formations of stars (H atoms and interstellar dust) [12], [13]; CVD diamond formation via C atoms in (p + ) plasma clouds [14]; isotopic fractionations [15]; isotopic violations of second law of thermodynamics via NMMs on subnanosizes [16]; internal gravitational heating earth's core and mantle [17]; motional induced error during DNA replication [8]; enzymatics [10], catalysis [18], superconductivity [19]; strange metals [ 9]; anomalous muon magnetic moment on earth [20] and more...…”

“…Ball lightning is macroscopic quantum fields with internal charge spiralings. Here the author explains ball lightning by the water (H2O), N-N and O-O having sufficient 17 O and 15 N with the 1 H and 14 N so as to accumulate the gravitational activations to magnetic activations to QF activations! This explains ball lightning.…”

“…Such gravitational fields in hidden ways stimulate novel chemistry, optics, thermodynamics, transport, and transmutations within the nanobaths and of the nanobaths. In these effects of gravity on life, the author discloses that gravity is a force that caused the organization of life on earth by self-activation of clustering of organic molecules forming biomolecules having elements with stable isotopes of nonzero NMMs like: 1 H, 2 D, 13 C, 14 N, 15 N, 17 O, 25 Mg, 31 P and 33 S and other elements in essential minerals having nonzero NMMs. This notion is not proven but follows from the author's theory.…”