Unpacking the Differential Impact of Family Planning Policies in China: Analysis of Parity Progression Ratios From Retrospective Birth History Data, 1971–2005

Qin, Min; Falkingham, Jane; Padmadas, Sabu S.

doi:10.1017/s002193201700061x

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, having more than one child was associated with a decrease in the odds of anemia in rural Western China in 2001 and 2005 [ 44 ]. One possible explanation for this contradictory finding could be China’s family planning program during this time, which allowed for more than one child based on sub-population characteristics, such as socioeconomic conditions [ 45 ]. Therefore, it is possible that those families who chose to have more than one child belonged to a higher socioeconomic stratum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age: An Overview of Global Burden, Trends, Determinants, and Drivers of Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

et al. 2021

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Relatively little progress has been made in reducing anemia prevalence among women of reproductive age (WRA anemia). Interventions, policies and programs aimed at reducing WRA anemia have the potential to improve overall not only women’s, but also children’s health and nutrition outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first review that aimed to compile evidence on the determinants and drivers of WRA anemia reduction in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We synthesized the available evidence on the determinants and drivers, including government policies and programs, of WRA anemia and their mitigation strategies across a wide range of countries and geographies, thus contributing to the complex and multifactorial etiology of anemia. We carried out a systematic review of published peer-reviewed and grey literature assessing national or subnational decline in WRA anemia prevalence and the associated drivers in LMICs. Among the 21 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, proximal determinants of healthcare utilization, especially during pregnancy and with the use of contraceptives, were strong drivers of WRA anemia reduction. Changes in other maternal characteristics, such as an increase in age at first pregnancy, BMI, birth spacing, and reduction in parity, were associated with modest improvements in anemia prevalence. Access to fortified foods, especially iron-fortified flour, was also a predictor of a decrease in WRA anemia. Of the intermediate determinants, an increase in household wealth, educational attainment and access to improved sanitation contributed significantly to WRA anemia reduction. Although several common determinants emerged at the proximal and intermediate levels, the set of anemia determinants and the strength of the association between each driver and WRA anemia reduction were unique in each setting included in this review. Further research is needed to provide targeted recommendations for each country and region where WRA anemia prevalence remains high.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age: An Overview of Global Burden, Trends, Determinants, and Drivers of Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

et al. 2021

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“…In recent years, the issue of old-age support in China has received increasing public attention, with a recognition that in the future, family members may be less able to provide old-age support due to the reduction in the average family size alongside increased labour migration (State Council 2013;Qin, Falkingham, and Padmadas 2018;Giles, Wang, and Zhao 2010). It is interesting to note how 'public' (or politically sanctioned) opinion regarding who (state or family) should take the responsibility of future old-age support has changed over time since the implementation of strict family planning policies in the 1980s (Chen and Xia 2013).…”

Section: Familial Community and State Old-age Support In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These individuals came 'of age' in the late 1970s just as Deng Xiaoping initiated the 'open door policy', opening up China to foreign investment and setting into motion the economic transformation of modern China (Quach and Anderson 2008). Joining the labour market during a period of rapid economic growth, this cohort also entered their prime reproductive ages alongside the implementation of the 'one child policy' (Qin, Falkingham, and Padmadas 2018). Thus this cohort is distinctive in a number of ways: they are the first cohort to enter mid-life with a high probability of having a surviving parent and thus to have had direct personal experience of being a mid-life carer; they are also the first cohort to have, on average, two or fewer children; finally, they are the first cohort who are likely to enter later life with their own pension savings, and to have adequate economic resources to fund themselves during their retirement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes and preferences towards future old-age support amongst tomorrow’s elders in China

Qin¹,

Falkingham²,

Evandrou³

et al. 2020

DemRes

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BACKGROUND The life course experiences of those born in China from the late 1950s to early 1970s have been very different to those of their predecessors; they may not be able to, or wish to, rely on their family for support in later life in the future. OBJECTIVE We investigated the attitudes towards current provision of old-age support and preferences for their future old-age living arrangements amongst individuals aged 40-55, representing the next generation of China's older people. METHOD Using data from the 2013 Chinese Household Finance Survey, we made multi-variate analyses focussed on understanding the roles of family structure, socioeconomic status, and current patterns of intergenerational support in shaping attitudes and preferences towards old-age support among today's mid-lifers. RESULTS Attitudes and preferences towards old-age support are shaped by relations within the family, which in turn are affected by broader historical and contemporary social, economic, and cultural conditions. Specifically, the number of children, having a son, Hukou status, and education influence people's attitudes and preferences. The results also point to important gender and cohort differences. One unexpected finding is that around a quarter of Chinese mid-life women living in urban areas and with just one adult child are actively considering the option of institutional care for their own old age, highlighting that social norms around care in later life are shifting.

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“…Based on a recent report from the National Bureau of Statistics of PRC, in the two years following the implementation of the universal two-child policy in 2015, the number of new-born babies which were the second child increased by 1.6 million in 2017 compared with the same figure in 2016 (Li, 2018). These ‘extra’ second parity babies are not evenly distributed across the country, with many of them likely to be born to parents living in urban areas, reflecting the fact that the previous family planning policy constrained all urban couples to one child, whilst in some rural areas second and even third births were allowed (Qin et al , 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informal care provision across multiple generations in China

et al. 2019

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With increasing life expectancy, changes in family structure and, most recently, the relaxation of the hitherto strict family planning policies, understanding how mid-life individuals support multiple generations, particularly their older parents and younger grandchildren, is of increasing research and policy significance in China. This paper analyses data from the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to examine the characteristics of Chinese mid-life individuals aged 45–64 who are potentially being ‘sandwiched’ between providing care to older parents/parents-in-law and/or younger grandchildren (under age 16). Binary logistic and multinomial regression models shed light on the factors associated with providing support to one generation or multiple generations. The results highlight that amongst the Chinese mid-life sandwich generation, 58 per cent only provide care to their young grandchildren, 23 per cent only provide care to their parents/parents-in-law, whilst 15 per cent are simultaneously supporting both generations. Rather than acting as competing demands upon the mid-lifers’ time, the multivariate analysis provides evidence that the provision of intergenerational care is complementary, with caring for grandchildren increasing the probability of also supporting one's parents/parents-in-law, and vice versa. However, an increase in the number of younger grandchildren has a negative impact on the care provided to older parents/parents-in-law, indicating that at higher care intensities there may be competing demands across the generations.

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Unpacking the Differential Impact of Family Planning Policies in China: Analysis of Parity Progression Ratios From Retrospective Birth History Data, 1971–2005

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age: An Overview of Global Burden, Trends, Determinants, and Drivers of Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age: An Overview of Global Burden, Trends, Determinants, and Drivers of Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Attitudes and preferences towards future old-age support amongst tomorrow’s elders in China

Informal care provision across multiple generations in China

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