“…However, the party-state's distinctive structural force in China is increasingly studied in a manner that differs from that of Western political economics (Lim, 2017). For instance, the laws of inter-city competition are not only related to attracting (global) capital investment but also structured around upward accountability (Chien, 2010) and performance-based promotion in politics (Guo, 2020;Guo and Liu, 2022;Su, 2022;Zhang, 2022). In the 'political capitalism' system, capitalist profits come from political power (Weber, 1978(Weber, [1922); in China, the party-state itself exists as an institution (Chien, 2013;Lauridsen and Zeuthen, 2022).…”