Unmasking emotion: Exposure duration and emotional engagement

Codispoti, Maurizio; Mazzetti, Michela; Bradley, Margaret M.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00804.x

Cited by 99 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These results are consistent with previous studies that indicate that the LPP modulation presumably reflects the semantic identification of motivationally significant scenes and does not rely on bottom-up perceptual factors, such as complexity, picture size, color, exposure time, or spatial frequencies Codispoti, 2006, 2011;Bradley et al, 2007;Codispoti et al, 2009Codispoti et al, , 2011. Additionally, once affective modulation of the LPP and decision time was first observed, it was maintained despite the repeated presentations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Visual processing proceeds in a global-to-local sequence, and limited exposure time acts as a low-pass filter, hindering the perception of local details (De Cesarei and Loftus, 2011). Recent studies have demonstrated that emotional pictures elicit cortical and autonomic changes even under perceptually challenging conditions in which the stimuli are relatively degraded with a very brief exposure duration, but only to the extent that participants could discriminate among emotional picture contents (Codispoti et al, 2009). These findings seem to suggest that scene identification is a conditio sine qua non of affective processing and emotion elicitation (Codispoti et al, 2009;Nummenmaa et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scene Identification and Emotional Response: Which Spatial Frequencies Are Critical?

Cesarei

Codispoti²

2011

J. Neurosci.

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Emotional responses are regulated by basic motivational systems (appetitive and defensive), which allow for adaptive behavior when opportunities and threats are detected. It has been suggested that specific ranges of spatial frequencies of the visual input may contain information that is diagnostic for discriminating emotionally relevant from less relevant contents, and that specialized neural modules may analyze these spatial frequencies to allow efficient detection and response to life-threatening or life-sustaining stimuli. However, there is no evidence supporting this possibility regarding natural scenes, which are highly varied in terms of pictorial composition. The present study examines how low and high spatial frequency filtering affects the understanding of natural scene contents and modulates the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP), a well-known component of the event-related potentials that reflects motivational significance. The content of an initially degraded (low-or high-passed) picture was progressively revealed in a sequence of steps by adding high or low spatial frequencies. At each step, human participants reported whether they identified the gist of the image. The results showed that the affective modulation of the LPP varied with picture identification similarly for low-passed and high-passed pictures. The engagement of corticolimbic appetitive and defensive systems, reflected in the LPP affective modulation, varied with picture identification, and did not critically or preferentially depend on either low or high spatial frequencies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scene Identification and Emotional Response: Which Spatial Frequencies Are Critical?

Cesarei

Codispoti²

2011

J. Neurosci.

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“…To this end, in Experiment 2 we reproduced the paradigm used in Experiment 1, and used ERPs to track picture processing prior to overt response. We focused our analysis on the LPP, which has been suggested to reflect emotional processing of the semantic, rather than perceptual, properties of the stimuli (Bradley, Hamby, Löw, & Lang, 2007;Codispoti, Mazzetti, & Bradley, 2009;Codispoti, De Cesarei & Ferrari, 2012;De Cesarei & Codispoti, 2006;. Moreover, the results of Experiment 1 seem to be in contrast with recent ERP findings on emotional habituation, which show that the emotional modulation of the LPP persists even when the same pictures are repeated 90 times (Codispoti et al, 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The fate of unattended stimuli and emotional habituation: Behavioral interference and cortical changes

Codispoti

Cesarei

Biondi

et al. 2016

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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The interference produced by the viewing of emotional distractors has been interpreted as evidence that emotional cues are processed in a fairly mandatory fashion, and that they divert attention from the primary ongoing task. However, few studies have examined how behavioral emotional interference varies with repeated presentation of the same emotional distractors. In two experiments, while participants were engaged in a parity judgment task, we investigated the effects of repetition of task-irrelevant emotional pictures, as reflected in both behavioral interference (Experiments 1 and 2) and neural activity (Experiment 2). Both experiments showed that the slowing of reaction times that was observed when viewing emotional, compared to neutral, scenes disappeared after only a few repetitions, suggesting diminished attention allocation to repeated emotional pictures. Conversely, in Experiment 2, neural correlates of picture processing revealed that the late positive potential (LPP) amplitude continued to be enhanced for emotional, compared to neutral, distractors despite picture repetition and the presence of a concurrent task. Altogether, these findings suggest that while evaluative processes are mandatory, and continue to engage cortico-limbic appetitive and defensive systems even after massive repetition, as suggested by the affective modulation of the LPP, attentional processes are not necessary after several repetitions of the same stimulus, as indicated by the rapid decline of behavioral emotional interference.

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“…The late positive potential (LPP) is a centro-parietal slow wave beginning in the P3 time window, around 300 ms after stimulus presentation, that is more positive for motivationally salient stimuli such as targets or emotional pictures Schupp et al, 2000). This component has been consistently shown to last throughout and beyond picture presentation (Codispoti, Mazzetti, & Bradley, 2009;Hajcak & Olvet, 2008). Furthermore, apart from the intrinsically arousing quality of emotional pictures, the LPP seems to be modulated by cognitive factors, such as working memory load (MacNamara, Ferri, & Hajcak, 2011), target status (Weinberg, Hilgard, Bartholow, & Hajcak, 2012), directed attention (Hajcak, MacNamara, Foti, Ferri, & Keil, 2013), and emotion regulation (Hajcak & Nieuwenhuis, 2006;Paul, Simon, Kniesche, Kathmann, & Endrass, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty is associated with increased selective attention and sustained stimulus processing

Dieterich

Endraß

Kathmann

2016

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Uncertainty about future threat has been found to be associated with an overestimation of threat probability and is hypothesized to elicit additional allocation of attention. We used event-related potentials to examine uncertainty-related dynamics in attentional allocation, exploiting brain potentials' high temporal resolution and sensitivity to attention. Thirty participants performed a picture-viewing task in which cues indicated the subsequent picture valence. A certain-neutral and a certain-aversive cue accurately predicted subsequent picture valence, whereas an uncertain cue did not. Participants overestimated the effective frequency of aversive pictures following the uncertain cue, both during and after the task, signifying expectancy and covariation biases, and they tended to express lower subjective valences for aversive pictures presented after the uncertain cue. Pictures elicited increased P2 and LPP amplitudes when their valence could not be predicted from the cue. For the LPP, this effect was more pronounced in response to neutral pictures. Uncertainty appears to enhance the engagement of early phasic and sustained attention for uncertainly cued targets. Thus, defensive motivation related to uncertainty about future threat elicits specific attentional dynamics implicating prioritization at various processing stages, especially for nonthreatening stimuli that tend to violate expectations.

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Unmasking emotion: Exposure duration and emotional engagement

Cited by 99 publications

References 23 publications

Scene Identification and Emotional Response: Which Spatial Frequencies Are Critical?

Scene Identification and Emotional Response: Which Spatial Frequencies Are Critical?

The fate of unattended stimuli and emotional habituation: Behavioral interference and cortical changes

Uncertainty is associated with increased selective attention and sustained stimulus processing

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