Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Perspective: Effects, Capabilities, and Technologies. Volume 0: Executive Summary and Annotated Briefing

Abstract

UNCLASSIFIED This report is a product of the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Executive Summary IntroductionUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are not new to aviation, the military, or the Air Force (AF). The first UAV was developed and operated by Samuel Pierpont Langley, in 1896. During World War I, two separate efforts were conducted to develop UAVs for surface attack. While neither effort was finished in time to see combat, the Sperry Torpedo and Kettering Bug both flew in 1918 as unmanned, automatically controlled bombers. UAV development stalled until World War II, when development was again too late to contribute to the war. The BQM-34 was developed in the 1950s and used operationally as a photoreconnaissance platform. More recently, UAVs have developed along two very distinct paths. Vehicles like Helios and Global Hawk have been engineered for extreme range and altitude, making them large. In contrast, the Black Widow, which has a wingspan of only six inches, was developed to be portable and travel to places where humans cannot go. The UAV is not new, and past experience can be used to chart the course for future development. Today the revolution in technologies such as signal and image processing and sensors can be leveraged to permit UAVs to assume a larger role in Air Force missions.The Air Force is off to a good start as an operational user of UAVs. Ten types of UAVs were used in OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM. These UAVs performed traditional intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance functions as well as a range of more novel missions. One of the UAV's most used and desired attributes was persistence. The marriage of Predator to the Hellfire missile resulted in an unprecedented capability to hold targets at risk, with a level of endurance that made it difficult for the adversary to hide. Special Forces used portable UAVs to scan their areas of operations, enabling them to achieve tactical surprise.This diversity of UAV sizes provides a wide spectrum of potential uses. Understanding the range of missions in which UAVs can contribute, or providing perspective regarding the utility of UAVs, was the purpose of this study. To accomplish this task, the Study addressed the following three focus areas: The Air Force is off to a Good StartThe Air Force has already studied the applications of UAVs, gained valuable experience in combat operations, integrated UAVs in networked operations, and identified key issues facing future UAV evolution. The Air Force has emerged as a knowledgeable proponent of UAV applications and appears prepared to leverage more UAV applications that support a range of Air Force missions.Operations in both Afghanistan and Iraq demonstrated the value of UAVs in both ISR and combat roles. UAVs were integrated into the operational force and became valuable contributors to the total force. The integration of weapons on the Predator provided significant armed reconnaissance benefits, especially in the case of persistent response to time-critical targets...