Unmanned aerial vehicle: a review and future directions

Abstract

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will be crucial in the next generation of wireless communications infrastructure. When compared to traditional ground-based solutions, it is expected that their use in a variety of communication-based applications will increase coverage and spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we provide a detailed review of all relevant research works as follows. This paper presents types of UAVs (e.g., wireless coverage, military, agriculture, medical applications, environment, and climate, and delivery and transportation), characteristics of UAVs (e.g., node density, altering system topology, node mobility, radio broadcasting mode, frequency band, localization, and power consumption and network lifetime), the application of UAVs (e.g., Multi-UAV cooperation, UAV-to-VANET collaborations, and UAV-to-ground tasks). Additionally, this paper reviews the routing protocols of UAVs (e.g., topology-based, position-based, heterogeneous, delay-tolerant networks (DTNs), swarm-Based, and cluster-based) and simulation tools (e.g., OMNeT++, AVENS, MATLAB, NS3, SUMO, and OPNET). The design and development of any new methods for UAVs may use this work as a guide and reference.

Integration of Hybrid Networks, AI, Ultra Massive-MIMO, THz Frequency, and FBMC Modulation Toward 6G Requirements: A Review

“…Fixed-wing, single-rotor, fixed-wing hybrid, and multirotor UAVs are among the several varieties. Fixed-wing UAVs are made up of a main body, wings, motor, and propeller [209], [212]. In many cases, UAVs are less costly than manned platforms, self-organization, rapid and easy deployment, scalability, adaptability, and excellent mobility [212].…”

“…Fixed-wing UAVs are made up of a main body, wings, motor, and propeller [209], [212]. In many cases, UAVs are less costly than manned platforms, self-organization, rapid and easy deployment, scalability, adaptability, and excellent mobility [212]. A number of factors constrain the practical use of UAVs in various application situations.…”

Quantum drones and the future of military warfare

“…The functions they execute in both commercial and civilian contexts are expected to progressively increase in complexity as time progresses. Here is a compilation of some of their existing capabilities [1], [5], [8], [10], [16], [34], [52]- [54], [59]: -Fully automated flights: Employing traditional techniques can pose difficulties when attempting to chart and monitor extensive regions. Nevertheless, drones equipped with pre-programmed flight routes have the capability to perform this task without the need for manual intervention.…”

Validation of the toolkit for fake news awareness in social media

“…Hoaxes are rumours that are spread through social media and employ actual facts to give the message a confident appearance. A hoax can actually harm another person [2], [32]- [34]. -Parody: the use of non-factual facts to add humour and a presentation style that mimics traditional news media distinguish parody news from satire news [27], [35].…”