2020
DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040416
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Unmanned Aerial Systems for Investigating the Polar Atmospheric Boundary Layer—Technical Challenges and Examples of Applications

Abstract: Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) fill a gap in high-resolution observations of meteorological parameters on small scales in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Especially in the remote polar areas, there is a strong need for such detailed observations with different research foci. In this study, three systems are presented which have been adapted to the particular needs for operating in harsh polar environments: The fixed-wing aircraft M 2 AV with a mass of 6 kg, the quadrocopter ALICE with a mass of 19 … Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(27 citation statements)
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“…Precipitation and condensation not only affect airworthiness, they can also affect other components and reduce the effectiveness of application-specific drone operations where optical sensors and cameras used for navigation, sense and avoid, and imaging are compromised by the accumulation of water or ice 10 , 14 . Ingress protection is effective in limiting water penetration based on international standards, but it does not guarantee that crashes will be prevented 25 or protect against icing caused by freezing drizzle or supercooled droplets, which also affects airworthiness and causes drone crashes 26 , 27 . Icing conditions are not included in our analysis or mentioned in most drone manuals but will further reduce flyability for CDs and WRDs at higher latitudes where favourable icing conditions occur more frequently 28 , 29 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Precipitation and condensation not only affect airworthiness, they can also affect other components and reduce the effectiveness of application-specific drone operations where optical sensors and cameras used for navigation, sense and avoid, and imaging are compromised by the accumulation of water or ice 10 , 14 . Ingress protection is effective in limiting water penetration based on international standards, but it does not guarantee that crashes will be prevented 25 or protect against icing caused by freezing drizzle or supercooled droplets, which also affects airworthiness and causes drone crashes 26 , 27 . Icing conditions are not included in our analysis or mentioned in most drone manuals but will further reduce flyability for CDs and WRDs at higher latitudes where favourable icing conditions occur more frequently 28 , 29 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As an illustrative example, the procedure required to acquire the flight permission for a particular system, which has been operated since 2013, is provided. The UAS "ALAD-INA" [4], with a weight of 24.9 kg and a wingspan of 3.6 m, operated by the Institute of Flight Guidance of TU Braunschweig, is applied for atmospheric research, thus for altitudes up to 1000 m. The UAS has been operated on during different years in Germany [5][6][7], in Benin [8,9] and in Svalbard [10,11].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although our sensors and data collection system allowed measurements at low temperatures, the response time of our RTDs did affect the temperature readings. The use of fine wire type RTDs would be beneficial since they have faster response (Wildmann et al, 2013), however their readings could suffer from temperature fluctuations due to turbulent flows caused by spinning propellers and would require additional filtering of raw data (Greene et al, 2018;Lampert et al, 2020a). Furthermore, we found that special care has to be taken to the temperature sensor mounting since the mechanical vibrations induced in the drone's air-frame during the flight tends to break the leads of our RTD elements.…”
Section: Lessons Learned and Future Prospectsmentioning
confidence: 99%