Unlucky strike: gold and labor in Zaruma, Ecuador, 1699–1820

Lane, Kris

doi:10.1080/1060916042000210828

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The ground material, which contains 6-14% of solids in the slurry, is discharged by overflow through a 0.2 mm nylon screen on 6.8 m long by 0.46 m wide cement sluice boxes covered with wool carpets. The sluices have a low angle (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10) in order to trap fine gold particles. However, this makes the concentrate accumulate more quickly and miners must discharge the concentrate from the carpets every hour.…”

Section: Description Of the Use Of Mercury In Processing Centersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mercury balance in amalgamation in artisanal and small-scale gold mining: identifying strategies for reducing environmental pollution in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador

Velásquez-López

Veiga

Hall

2010

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Section: Description Of the Use Of Mercury In Processing Centersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1), began in the 1550s, when indigenous people and African slaves worked small excavations [9]. In 1896, the American company SADCO (South American Development Co.) acquired the properties of the Zaruma Gold Mining Limited Company, a Britain corporation founded in 1880.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury balance in amalgamation in artisanal and small-scale gold mining: identifying strategies for reducing environmental pollution in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador

Velásquez-López

Veiga

Hall

2010

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…The services offered by the mine to its visitors are the following: i) Video of the "El Sexmo" Tourist Mine history, ii) Underground Tour, iii) Gift Shop, iv) Special Exhibitions, v) Coffee Shop, vi) During the first colonial period, the mining activity operated under a schedule of rotating labor days imposed on the indigenous community; this was known as the system of "mitas" and was proposed by Toledo in 1573 [38][39][40]. As a result of this cycle, the increase in mineral production gave rise to a historic event in one of Zaruma's mines, the discovery of "pepa de oro", a gold nugget, whose weight was more than three pounds.…”

Section: "El Sexmo" Tourist Mine Services Offered To Visitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of the “El Sexmo” Tourist Gold Mine (Zaruma, Ecuador) as A Geosite and Mining Site

Carrión-Mero

Loor-Oporto²,

Andrade-Ríos³

et al. 2020

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Zaruma is host to the ‘‘El Sexmo’’ tourist mine, the galleries of which extend below the city, and its exploitation dates back to precolonial times. The mining boom created important development in the area, but informal mining also emerged causing environmental issues and safety problems. This study presents a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the “El Sexmo” Tourist Mine in the context of its potential as a tourism geosite and mining site. The methodological stages included: (i) The process and systematization of the general mine information and its surroundings; (ii) the assessment of the geological and mining interest of the mine, through GAM and Brilha method; and (iii) description and proposal of action strategies through Delphi analysis and a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) matrix. Based on the results of the quantitative evaluation, the high values in the educational, scientific, and tourist aspects of the two applied methodologies, show the mine as a potential geosite and mining site with added cultural value. In addition, the quantitative assessment in correspondence with the qualitative analysis, allowed to propose improvement strategies to take advantage of the geological resources and mining identity of the area, as an alternative that strengthens the infrastructure of the mine and consolidates the geotouristic development of the area.

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“…The studied area corresponds to the north of Zaruma city (Ecuador). This locality is located in Southern Ecuador (Figure 1a), in the El Oro province, and it is part of the central gold-bearing districts [46][47][48]. This gold potential has allowed the development of intense and extensive mining activity through different types of exploitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface and Underground Geomechanical Characterization of an Area Affected by Instability Phenomena in Zaruma Mining Zone (Ecuador)

et al. 2021

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In the last decade, in the mining district of Zaruma-Portovelo, there has been significant land subsidence related to uncontrolled mining activity. The purpose of this work was to carry out a surface and underground geomechanical characterization of a mining sector north of the city of Zaruma that allows the definition of potentially unstable areas susceptible to the mass movement. The methodology used consists of the following stages: (i) compilation of previous studies; (ii) surface and underground characterization of rocky material to establish its susceptibility to mass movement; (iii) interpretation of results; and (iv) proposal of action measures. Among the most relevant results, it stands out that 26.1% of the 23 stations characterized on the surface present conditions that vary from potentially unstable to unstable. In underground galleries, the studied mean values of the 17 stations indicate that the rock has a medium to good quality, representing a medium susceptibility to gallery destabilization. The results obtained for the surface areas (depths up to 50 m, where altered materials predominate) and the underground areas (depths > 50 m, where the alterations are specific) can be used to identify the areas with a more significant potential for instability. For both cases, it has been possible to define specific monitoring, control, and planning actions for sensitive areas.

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Unlucky strike: gold and labor in Zaruma, Ecuador, 1699–1820

Cited by 15 publications

References 5 publications

Mercury balance in amalgamation in artisanal and small-scale gold mining: identifying strategies for reducing environmental pollution in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador

Mercury balance in amalgamation in artisanal and small-scale gold mining: identifying strategies for reducing environmental pollution in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador

Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of the “El Sexmo” Tourist Gold Mine (Zaruma, Ecuador) as A Geosite and Mining Site

Surface and Underground Geomechanical Characterization of an Area Affected by Instability Phenomena in Zaruma Mining Zone (Ecuador)

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