Unlocking the Potential of Stroke Blood Biomarkers: Early Diagnosis, Ischemic vs. Haemorrhagic Differentiation and Haemorrhagic Transformation Risk: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Stroke, a complex and heterogeneous disease, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The timely therapeutic intervention significantly impacts patient outcomes, but early stroke diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of specific diagnostic biomarkers. This review critically examines the literature for potential biomarkers that may aid in early diagnosis, differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke. After a thorough analysis, four promising biomarkers were identified: Antithrombin III (ATIII), fibrinogen, and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) for diagnostic purposes; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), micro RNA 124-3p, and a panel of 11 metabolites for distinguishing between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), s100b, and interleukin 33 for predicting hemorrhagic transformation. We propose a biomarker panel integrating these markers, each reflecting different pathophysiological stages of stroke, that could significantly improve stroke patients’ early detection and treatment. Despite promising results, further research and validation are needed to demonstrate the clinical utility of this proposed panel for routine stroke treatment.

Identification of m6A-Related Biomarkers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Bioinformation-Based Analysis

“…[57][58][59][60] MMP9's activation during the acute phase can precipitate blood-brain barrier disruption, brain edema formation and hemorrhagic transformation. 56,61,62 Studies intimate a correlation between MMP9 levels and the risk of severe brain edema, hemorrhagic transformation and adverse functional outcomes. 63 SNPs in the MMP9 gene may also influence the occurrence and prognosis of IS.…”