Unlocking the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gynecology: Where Are We Now?

Abstract

Stem cells, with their remarkable capacity for differentiation into diverse cell types, are vital for the development as well as maintenance of health and homeostasis. Two unique abilities set them apart from other cells: self-renewal and the capacity for differentiation. They play important roles in embryogenesis, development, regeneration, and various other processes. Over the last decade, there has been increased interest in their potential use in the treatment of numerous diseases and disorders across multiple fields of medicine in acute, chronic, innate, and acquired diseases. Stem cells are key to maintaining the body’s homeostasis and regulating growth and tissue functions. There are several types of stem cells—embryonic, adult, and human-induced pluripotent cells. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells are of great interest due to their regenerative, immunomodulatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial (anti-inflammatory) effects. Recent studies have shown the potent regenerative effect of stem cell therapy in gynecologic diseases such as infertility, Asherman syndrome, lichen sclerosus, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, genitourinary syndrome of menopause, and rectovaginal fistulas. Moreover, the successful isolation of oogonial stem cells could lead to a revolution in the field of gynecology and the potential treatment of the conditions discussed. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the latest therapeutic options involving stem cells and raise awareness of this promising yet not widely known topic in gynecology and medicine in general.

Novel Approach in Rectovaginal Fistula Treatment: Combination of Modified Martius Flap and Autologous Micro-Fragmented Adipose Tissue

“…Since the surgical part of the procedure left the vaginal opening of the RVF partially open, we suggest that MSCs played a role in its closure. A possible flare-up of CD after the infliximab cessation prior to the MSC application has been reported [ 33 ]. Our patient tolerated 6 months of infliximab cessation well, with no clinically relevant worsening of CD.…”

“…Moreover, MSCs exhibit analgesic and angiogenic potential, heightening their therapeutic value. Within the sphere of medical innovation, our previous review article unveiled significant insights regarding an innovative approach grounded in micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) [ 33 ]. Executed through novel technology, this process selectively isolates adipose tissue, thereby preserving stromal-vascular fraction adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs).…”

Regenerative Medicine in Gynecology

“…21,22 Mesenchymal stem cells have been used as a therapy in a wide variety of gynecologic conditions, including Asherman syndrome, thinned endometrium, vulvovaginal atrophy, and lichen sclerosis. 23 Mesenchymal stem cells exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, are migratory, and secrete growth factors. 24 Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a rat model of pelvic floor dysfunction shows MSC migration to the injury site, and MSCs were present in the healed vagina for 30 days after systemic transplantation.…”