Unlocking hidden mineral resources: Characterization and potential of bitterns as alternative sources of critical raw materials

Randazzo, S.; Vicari, F.; López, J.; Salem, M.; Lo Brutto, R.; Azzouz, S.; Chamam, S.; Cataldo, S.; Muratore, N.; Fernández de Labastida, M.; Vallès, V.; Pettignano, A.; D’Alì Staiti, G.; Pawlowski, S.; Hannachi, A.; Cortina, J.L.; Cipollina, A.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140412

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Another potential germanium occurrence is in bitterns (residual brines produced in the solar sea-salt extraction in the Mediterranean Sea region) [5] and, as mentioned above, in subproducts of the zinc industry and in the recycling of electronic wastes [6]. It is estimated that about 30% of germanium production results from the recycling of germanium-bearing materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Recent Advances in Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

Alguacil,

Robla

2024

Metals

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Though nowadays germanium does not reach the range of popularity of other metals, i.e., rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes it a strategic metal. Though germanium can be found in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry; also, the recyclability of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery and due to the size of the target materials, because the diffusion and reaction are to be considered, hydrometallurgy performs a key role in achieving this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Recent Advances in Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

Alguacil,

Robla

2024

Metals

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“…Another potential germanium-occurrence is bitterns (residual brines produced in the solar seasalt extraction in the Mediterranean sea region) [3], and as it is mentioned above, in subproducts of the zinc industry and in the recycling of electronic wastes [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Recent Advances on Germanium Recovery from Various Resources

Alguacil,

Robla

2024

Preprint

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Though nowadays germanium do not reach the range of popularity than other metals, i.e. rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes of it also a strategic metal. Though germanium can be find in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry, and also, the recycle of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery, Hydrometallurgy is performing a key role to the successful achievement of this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.

show abstract