Unknown HIV status and the TB/HIV collaborative control program in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Ethiopia has shown significant efforts to address the burden of TB/HIV comorbidity through the TB/ HIV collaborative program. However, these diseases are still the highest cause of death in the country. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated this program by investigating the overall proportion of unknown HIV status among TB patients using published studies in Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies in Ethiopia. We identified the original studies using the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, and Google Scholar. The heterogeneity across studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and I 2 statistics. The Begg's rank correlation and the Egger weighted regression tests were assessed for the publication bias. We estimated the pooled proportion of unknown HIV status among TB patients using the random-effects model. Results: Overall, we included 47 studies with 347,896 TB patients eligible for HIV test. The pooled proportion of unknown HIV status among TB patients was 27%(95% CI; 21-34%) and with a substantial heterogeneity (I 2 = 99.9%). In the subgroup analysis, the pooled proportion of unknown HIV status was 39% (95% CI; 25-54%) among children and 20% (95% CI; 11-30%) among adults. In the region based analysis, the highest pooled proportion of unknown HIV status was in Gambella, 38% (95% CI; 16-60%) followed by Addis Ababa, 34%(95% CI; 12-55%), Amhara, 30%(95% CI; 21-40%),and Oromia, 23%(95% CI; 9-38%). Regarding the study facilities, the pooled proportion of unknown HIV status was 33% (95% CI; 23-43%) in the health centers and 26%(95% CI; 17-35%) in the hospitals. We could not identify the high heterogeneity observed in this review and readers should interpret the results of the pooled proportion analysis with caution. Conclusion: In Ethiopia, about one-third of tuberculosis patients had unknown HIV status. This showed a gap to achieve the currently implemented 90-90-90 HIV/AIDS strategic plan in Ethiopia, by 2020. Therefore, Ethiopia should strengthen TB/HIV collaborative activities to mitigate the double burden of diseases.

Epidemiology and the diagnostic challenge of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia

“…In the last one and half decades, Addis Ababa reported the highest prevalence rate of HIV infection in the country. So, this finding indicates a higher number of HIVpositive patients could be missed in this city [44].…”

“…A slightly higher proportion, 51.4% (57) of ATB occurred among females. The documented presenting symptoms included weight loss, 50.5% (56), loss of appetite,43.2%, (48), fever, 37.8% (42), abdominal pain,36.9% (44), night sweating, 32.4% (36), and abdominal distension,18.9% (21). Among ATB with peritonitis,62 had a documented fluid analysis result.…”

Low treatment success rate among previously treated persons with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda

“…A study in Benin reported that people with TB and unknown HIV serostatus are less likely to achieve treatment success rate compared to those without HIV [19] . A systematic review and meta -analysis conducted in Ethiopia showed that 27% of people with TB have unknown HIV serostatus suggesting the problem is prevalent [20] . Unknown HIV serostatus could have arisen from several factors such as not recording one's HIV serostatus, not testing people with TB for HIV, or refusing to undertake an HIV test by people with TB, which we do not have the data for to verify.…”

Different diets and their effect on tuberculosis prevention in HIV patients

“…A concomitant infection may lead to poor appetite with reduced nutrient intake, which may interact with the altered metabolism associated with both infections as part of the immune and inflammatory responses. A combination of coinfection with tuberculosis, HIV, and malnutrition has been termed the “triple problem.”[ 21 22 ]…”