“…While noting that the field had demonstrated some uncertainty concerning what to call its newly repurposed spaces, Bennett mused that they had become so nearly ubiquitous as to have supplanted the card catalog as the "principal means of defining space as library space" (2008, p. 183). A number of contemporaneous authors were also making note of the extent to which academic/research libraries were transforming themselves into study environments, learning spaces, collaboration spaces, makerspaces, and so forth, in which open shelves were being replaced by a variety of other student-oriented library services and non-library services (Beard & Bawden, 2012;Beard & Dale, 2010;Kao & Chen, 2011;Ludwig & Starr, 2005;Montgomery, 2014;Paulus Jr., 2011). By 2015, Bennett was opening an essay in portal: Libraries and the Academy by flatly asserting, "No one now plans an academic library without a learning commons" (2015, p. 215).…”