Universal calibration for metal determination in fuels and biofuels by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry based on segmented flow injection and a 350 °C heated chamber

Metal and metalloid determination in bioethanol through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

“…The hTISIS has been specially designed to work at liquid flow rates below roughly 100 µL min -1 . So far, this sample introduction system has been applied to the analysis of aqueous [32] as well as organic [33] samples through ICP-OES. Higher sensitivities, lower limits of detection and absence of interferences are among the benefits of the hTISIS over conventional sample introduction systems.…”

Improvement of analytical performance in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry without compromising robustness using an infrared-heated sample introduction system with a pneumatic nebulizer

“…The IR heater temperature of 230 C is considerably lower than the 350 C of the TISIS with petroleum products 35 and the 400 C of the USN-PET(IR) 2,27 and PN-MSIS-PET 29 systems, but higher than the 100-150 C of the low consumption TISIS system for aqueous samples. 28,36 However, in the latter case, the spray chamber wall temperature was reported whereas the temperature at the face of the IR heater was measured here.…”

Direct elemental analysis of petroleum heavy fractions by means of ICP-OES equipped with a high temperature torch integrated sample introduction system

“…Up to now, the high temperature system has been applied to the analysis of samples having boiling points below the chamber heating temperature. 26,32 Therefore, both the sample and the solvent used for dilution purposes evaporated inside the hTISIS before reaching the plasma. However, the products evaluated in the present work had boiling points above 400 ⁰C that was the maximum studied chamber temperature.…”

“…One of the benefits of the hTISIS is that the signal enhances with respect to a conventional sample introduction setup. 31,32 This is obviously due to the increase in the analyte transport efficiency. In order to avoid plasma degradation problems, the sample injected volume should be rather low.…”

“…Therefore, the concept of universal calibration can be applied in which external calibration using a single set of standards is used for the analysis of all kind of samples. 32 So far, the hTISIS has been applied to the analysis of light petroleum products and biofuels through both ICP-OES 33 and ICP-MS. 34,35 The obtained results reveal that, upon careful selection of the plasma operating conditions, the obtained sensitivities are more than one order of magnitude higher than those for a conventional spray chamber, limits of detection are lowered by an average factor typically close to 4-5, memory effects are mitigated and matrix effects are removed while the sample consumption goes from about 5 µL to 20-30 µL min -1 in discrete and continuous sample aspiration modes, respectively. Within this context, it has been noticed that the hTISIS improves the ICP analytical figures of merit especially for the petroleum fuels with low volatilities (e.g., diesel).…”