“…[4][5][6] Hence, precise monitoring for these biomarkers has become pivotal in preventing the deterioration of disease. [7][8][9] Recently, a variety of detection methods, including electrochemical immunoassay, [10][11][12] mass spectrometry immunoassay, 13 fluorescence immunoassay, 14 and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, 15 have been widely developed for the accurate detection of disease markers. The electrochemical technique, in particular, has attracted considerable interest owing to its advantages, such as wide dynamic range, facile operation, high specificity, prominent sensitivity, and easy miniaturization.…”