Universal Access in 5G Networks: Potential Challenges and Opportunities for Urban and Rural Environments

Hassan, Syed Ali; Omar, Muhammad Shahmeer; Imran, Muhammad Ali; Qadir, Junaid; Jayakody, Dushantha Nalin K.

doi:10.1002/9781119333142.ch8

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(16 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The last term of Equation (15) can be interpreted as the total power gain of the channel matrix if one spreads the energy equally between all the antennas [32]. Therefore, comparing Equations (14) and 15, we clearly see that the singular values have the same distribution as the Friis' free-space path-loss coefficients, β k , ∀k. The summation of the K free-space path-loss coefficients, is a random variable that can be approximated by a Gamma distribution as shown in Appendix D.…”

Section: Approximated Distribution Of the Total Power Gainmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Starting from low density, the smart farming and rural broadband services provision (i.e., distant areas with low population density) poses a significant gap in the research body of massive MIMO nowadays [13,14]. In the sense of wireless services, it is essential to observe that most economically viable areas for agriculture are the plain terrains with few obstacles [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment

Figueiredo

Dias

Lima³

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of large-scale antenna arrays grants considerable benefits in energy and spectral efficiency to wireless systems due to spatial resolution and array gain techniques. By assuming a dominant line-of-sight environment in a massive multiple-input multiple-output scenario, we derive analytical expressions for the sum-capacity. Then, we show that convenient simplifications on the sum-capacity expressions are possible when working at low and high signal-to-noise ratio regimes. Furthermore, in the case of low and high signal-to-noise ratio regimes, it is demonstrated that the Gamma probability density function can approximate the probability density function of the instantaneous channel sum-capacity as the number of served devices and base station antennas grows, respectively. A second important demonstration presented in this work is that a Gamma probability density function can also be used to approximate the probability density function of the summation of the channel’s singular values as the number of devices increases. Finally, it is important to highlight that the presented framework is useful for a massive number of Internet of Things devices as we show that the transmit power of each device can be made inversely proportional to the number of base station antennas.

show abstract

Section: Approximated Distribution Of the Total Power Gainmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment

Figueiredo

Dias

Lima³

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [252].…”

Section: Haps/drones/uavs/balloonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main

show abstract

“…To solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].…”

Section: Haps/drones/uavs/balloonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

DRAFT 4) Hyper Connected: This scenario corresponds to people enjoying state-of-the-art connectivity, e.g., at least 4G and possibly 5G cellular connectivity, and/or with high speed fixed DSL or FTTH or FTTN connectivity. These subscribers typically live in urban areas, and it is extremely difficult to find them in rural areas, due to the numerous barriers discussed previously. This paper surveys the literature aiming to provide basic connectivity to the unconnected population, or aiming to increase the connectivity level of those with basic connectivity ("Under Hence, the challenges for FSO in space are less critical, and indeed significantly better performance can be achieved, especially due to the fact that the optical signal is not traversing the atmosphere. In 2008, an optical inter-satellite link achieved a data rate transmission of 5.6 Gbps for distances up to 5, 000 km in the European Data Relay satellite System (EDRS). Newer terminals can transmit at a data rate of 1.8 Gbps for distances up to 45, 000 km. The intersatellite Ka band link achieved 300 Mbps [44]. In EDRS, LEO satellites relay the data from ground stations to GEO satellites using FSO for the GEO-LEO satellite communication, and RF bands for communication with the ground stations (similarly to the satellite-satellite Ka link, the satellite-ground Ka link achieved 300 Mbps) [44]. Some of the recent satellite constellations discussed in Section II-E, e.g., Starlink, are also expected to use FSO for its inter-satellite communication [45,46,47]. D. HAPs/Drones/UAVs/BalloonsTo solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].UAVs are proposed in [49] to provide backhaul connectivity for ground 5G base stations. A steering algorithm to allow the antennas of the UAV and the ground BS to be dynamically steered towards each other is proposed in [49], and tested via an experimental setup. In[50], a multihop network of HAPs is proposed for providing backhaul connectivity to TVWS deployments in rural areas. The HAPs communicate with each other using mmWave frequencies, and with the ground stations using FSO.An interference alignment scheme to maximize the sum-rate capacity of HAPs communicating with GSs is proposed in [51]. The scheme assumes M HAP drones and N GSs, with no CSI at the HAPs. A tethered balloon with (M − 1) × (N − 1) antennas is used as a decode and forward (DF) relay with half-duplex operation: The HAPs transmit their data to the GSs first, then the tethered balloon relays the data after performing pre-coding [51].Aerostats filled with lighter than air gas are tethered to the ground and used to provide connectivity to rural areas in [52]. Although these tethered aerostats can be used to provide backhaul connectivity by communicating with each other using directive antennas, they were also used in [52] to provide fronthaul WiFi access by using high gain omnidirectional antennas.

show abstract

Universal Access in 5G Networks: Potential Challenges and Opportunities for Urban and Rural Environments

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment

Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About