Univariate Outliers: A Conceptual Overview for the Nurse Researcher

Mowbray, Fabrice; Fox-Wasylyshyn, Susan M.; El-Masri, Maher M

doi:10.1177/0844562118786647

Cited by 69 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or percentage according to the variable. In this study, z-score analysis was used to detect outlier value in this population data [29]. An absolute value of ±3.29 is the standard value used to identify outliers when sample size is >100.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Factors Associated with Levels of Fatty Acids, Specifically n-3 PUFA during Pregnancy: ECLIPSES Study

et al. 2021

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An optimal fatty acid (FA) profile during pregnancy, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is essential for the health of the mother and child. Our aim was to identify the socioeconomic and maternal lifestyle factors associated with serum FA concentration in pregnant women. A longitudinal study was conducted on 479 pregnant women, who were assessed during the first (T1) and third (T3) trimesters of pregnancy. Data on maternal characteristics, food consumption, and lifestyle were collected. Serum FA concentrations were analysed by a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combination. The multiple linear regression showed that high educational level and older age were significantly associated with higher EPA and DHA concentrations and lower values of n-6/n-3 and arachidonic acid (AA)/EPA in T1 and/or T3. Regarding diet—fish and seafood consumption increased EPA concentration and reduced n-6/n-3 and AA/EPA values in both trimesters, whereas its consumption increased DHA concentration only in T1. Smoking was associated with lower DHA concentration in T1 and higher values of n-6/n-3 ratio in both trimester. Overweight and obesity were associated with higher values of n-6/n-3 ratio and AA/EPA ratio in T1. A statistically non-significant association was observed with saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). In conclusion, high educational levels, older age, fish, seafood consumption, and/or non-smoking, are factors that influence better omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) profile in both trimesters of pregnancy. Further research is needed to go in-depth into these findings and their health consequences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Factors Associated with Levels of Fatty Acids, Specifically n-3 PUFA during Pregnancy: ECLIPSES Study

et al. 2021

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“…The original range was 0 to 142 hours for violent media exposure and 0 to 138 hours for nonviolent media exposure. Because such outliers may distort the parameters and compromise generalizability (Mowbray, Fox-Wasylyshyn, & El-Masri, 2019), we recoded these outliers (i.e., those cases with values exceeding the mean plus three standard deviations) to the value of the observation closest to the threshold of the mean plus three standard deviations. A total of 16 cases were identified as outlying cases on violent media exposure.…”

Section: Analytic Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mediating role of sympathy in the relationship between media violence and Dutch adolescents’ social behaviors

Vossen

Fikkers

2020

Journal of Children and Media

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Previous research suggests that empathy could serve as a mediator in the relation between media violence exposure and social behavior (i.e., aggressive and prosocial behavior). However, conceptualizations of empathy are diverse and empirical findings are mixed. Theory as well as previous research suggests that sympathy, more than empathy, may explain how media violence can affect youths' aggressive or prosocial behavior. The present study formally tests this assumption using a three-wave longitudinal design with 878 early adolescents. Although neither sympathy nor empathy provided a significant indirect pathway between media violence and social behavior, the findings do show that sympathy is more strongly related to media violence and social behavior than empathy Methodological challenges and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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“…Prior to perform statistical analysis, purines level of controls and patients were screened for mathematical outliers. Subjects that presented purines value above 1.5-fold of interquartile range from median, or 3-fold of standard deviation from mean were excluded from all analysis (Mowbray et al, 2019). Data obtained were then submitted to Kolmogorov-Smirnov testing for normality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid purinomics as a biomarker approach to predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury

Strogulski

Stefani

Böhmer

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of mortality and long-term disability linked to neurochemical abnormalities. Although purine-derivatives play important roles in TBI pathogenesis in preclinical models, little is known about potential changes in purine levels and their implications in human TBI. We assessed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of purines in severe TBI patients as potential biomarkers that predict mortality and long-term dysfunction. This was a cross-sectional study performed in 17 severe TBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale < 8) and 51 controls. Two to four hours after admission to ICU, patients were submitted to ventricular drainage, and CSF collection for quantification of adenine and guanine purine-derivatives by HPLC. TBI patients survival was followed up to 3 days from admission. A neurofunctional assessment was performed through modified Rankin Scale (mRS) two years after ICU admission. Purine levels were compared between control and TBI patients, and between surviving and non-surviving patients. Relative to controls, TBI patients presented increased CSF levels of GDP, guanosine, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. Further, GTP, GDP, IMP, and xanthine levels were different between surviving and non-surviving patients. Among the purines, guanosine was associated with improved mRS (p=0.042; r= -0.506). Remarkably, GTP displayed predictive value (AUC=0.841, p=0.024) for discriminating survival vs. non-survival patients up to three days from admission. These results support TBI-specific purine signatures, suggesting GTP as a promising biomarker of mortality, and guanosine as an indicator of long-term functional disability.

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Univariate Outliers: A Conceptual Overview for the Nurse Researcher

Cited by 69 publications

References 10 publications

Maternal Factors Associated with Levels of Fatty Acids, Specifically n-3 PUFA during Pregnancy: ECLIPSES Study

Maternal Factors Associated with Levels of Fatty Acids, Specifically n-3 PUFA during Pregnancy: ECLIPSES Study

The mediating role of sympathy in the relationship between media violence and Dutch adolescents’ social behaviors

Cerebrospinal fluid purinomics as a biomarker approach to predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury

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