United States drug prohibition and legal highs: How drug testing may lead cannabis users to Spice

Perrone, Dina; Helgesen, Randi D.; Fischer, Ryan G.

doi:10.3109/09687637.2012.749392

Cited by 42 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This strand of research seeks to identify the chemical composition SC products and examine the biological, physiological and neurological effects of SC consumption. The second strand of research seeks to establish user profiles and identify the motivations for SC use among different populations and whether the predictors of use differ by various characteristics (Perrone et al 2012; Vandrey et al 2012; Walker et al 2014). Taken together, this research has increased our understanding of who engages in SC use and why.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“On papers”: perceptions of synthetic cannabinoid use among black males under criminal justice supervision

et al. 2016

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BackgroundA number of studies reveal a strong linkage between SC use and avoiding positiveurine creens. Despite this work and given the high rates of criminal justice supervision among Black men in the U.S., little is known about SC usage among Black men under criminal justice supervision.MethodsIn-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 Black men under criminal justicesupervision treated by an urban ED for violent injury.ResultsThemes that emerged from the analysis include 1) prevalence of use, 2)health literacy, 3) availability and costs, 4) negative side effects, and 5) criminal justice supervision.ConclusionsCriminal justice supervision policies are a contributing factor to SC use among Black men under criminal justice supervision.

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Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“On papers”: perceptions of synthetic cannabinoid use among black males under criminal justice supervision

et al. 2016

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“…Only a handful of studies have moved beyond prevalence to explore user experiences and motivations (McElrath & O'Neill, 2011;Measham, Moore, & Østergaard, 2011a;Perrone, Helgeson, & Fischer, 2013; van Hout & Brennan, 2011). These studies and others that have been more specifically focused on policy responses to NPS (Birdwell et al, 2011;Stevens & Measham, 2014), have highlighted the significant limitations of, and problems with a predominantly control oriented response to emerging NPS markets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

New psychoactive substances and British drug policy: A view from the cyber-psychonauts

O’Brien

Chatwin

Jenkins

et al. 2014

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

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Aims: (i) To collect data on the consumption patterns, purchase patterns and motivations of the online NPS community, and (ii) engage this specific group of NPS users in an exploration of recent policy developments in the UK focusing on their experiences of new legislative controls and the perceived harms they may cause, and eliciting their suggestions for future policy developments in this area. Methods: We employed an exploratory online methodology comprising a survey and participatory online research designed to interact and engage with experienced users of NPS. Findings: The findings of our small-scale exploratory study illustrate that what we term the cyber-psychonauts are well equipped to make a valuable contribution to NPS policy debates in general, and are ideally placed to report on the effects of recent policy changes on NPS-related harms in particular. The majority of NPS users in our study supported the introduction of a regulated market for NPS, which would not criminalise users and which would focus on the reduction of NPS-related harm. Conclusions: We argue that the cyberpsychonauts are well placed to contribute to NPS-related drug policy debates and, furthermore, that there may be a role for them in disseminating emerging information about NPS-related harm.

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“…Knowing that emerging adults have easy access to the internet (Fox, 2014; Haste, 2005), an inclination to purchase online (J. Jansen, 2010), and an interest in avoiding positive drug tests through ingestion of ever-changing synthetic compounds (Perrone, Helgesen, & Fischer, 2013), the internet has the potential to play a significant role in the distribution of these “legal highs” and in their associated medical and psychiatric consequences. Consequently, we examined: 1) the availability of bath salts on the internet through retail websites; 2) how different search terms affected the proportion of retail websites obtained; and 3) the content of online retail sites with a specific focus on those characteristics that are reported to increase the likelihood of online sales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The availability and depiction of synthetic cathinones (bath salts) on the Internet: Do online suppliers employ features to maximize purchases?

Meyers

Kaynak

Bresani

et al. 2015

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background “Bath salts”, a derivative of cathinone, a naturally occurring beta-ketone amphetamine analogue found in the leaves of the khat (Catha edulis) plant, is a potent class of designer drugs associated with significant medical and psychiatric consequences. They are commonly used among 20 to 29 year olds, a group with easy access to the internet and an inclination to purchase online. Therefore, the internet has the potential to play a significant role in the distribution and associated consequences of these “legal highs”. Methods Google searches were used to determine bath salts availability on retail websites and how different search terms affected the proportion of retail websites obtained. Retail websites were reviewed by two independent raters who examined content with a focus on characteristics that increase the likelihood of online sales. Results Of the 250 websites found, 31 were unique retail websites. Most retail website hits resulted when a product name was used as the search term. The top three countries hosting retail websites were registered in the United States (n=14; 45%), Germany (n=7; 23%), and the United Kingdom (n=3; 10%). These online drug suppliers provided considerable information and purchasing choice about a variety of synthetic cathinones, legitimized their sites by using recognizable images, online chat features, and mainstream payment and shipping methods, and employed characteristics that promote online purchases. Conclusion Online designer drug suppliers use sophisticated methods to market unregulated products to consumers. The international community has taken diverse approaches to address designer drugs: legislative bans, harm reduction approaches, an interim regulated legal market. Multifaceted efforts that target bath salt users, suppliers, and emergency/poison control entities are critical to comprehensively address bath salt ingestion and its consequences.

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United States drug prohibition and legal highs: How drug testing may lead cannabis users to Spice

Cited by 42 publications

References 14 publications

“On papers”: perceptions of synthetic cannabinoid use among black males under criminal justice supervision

“On papers”: perceptions of synthetic cannabinoid use among black males under criminal justice supervision

New psychoactive substances and British drug policy: A view from the cyber-psychonauts

The availability and depiction of synthetic cathinones (bath salts) on the Internet: Do online suppliers employ features to maximize purchases?

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