Unique Pattern of Enzootic Primate Viruses in Gibraltar Macaques

Engel, Gregory; Pizarro, Mark; Shaw, Eric; Cortés, John E.; Fuentes, Agustín; Barry, Peter A.; Lerche, Nicholas W.; Grant, Richard; Cohn, Douglas L.; Jones‐Engel, Lisa

doi:10.3201/eid1407.071643

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…IS 6110 was isolated in buccal swabs of eighty-four animals (31.9%) (Figure 1). We have previously reported data describing demographic characteristics, human-NHP contact and the presence/absence of a variety of infectious agents in each of the populations listed above [Engel et al, 2008; Jones-Engel et al, 2005a; Jones-Engel et al, 2005; Jones-Engel et al, 2006b; Jones-Engel et al, 2006a; Jones-Engel et al, 2007; Schillaci et al, 2005]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the Mouths of Monkeys: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNA From Buccal Swabs of Synanthropic Macaques

Wilbur

Engel

Rompis

et al. 2012

American J Primatol

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Although the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infects a third of all humans, little is known regarding the prevalence of mycobacterial infection in nonhuman primates (NHP). For more than a century, tuberculosis has been regarded as a serious infectious threat to NHP species. Advances in the detection of MTBC open new possibilities for investigating the effects of this poorly understood pathogen in diverse populations of NHP. Here we report results of a cross-sectional study using well-described molecular methods to detect a nucleic acid sequence (IS6110) unique to the MTBC. Sample collection was focused on the oral cavity, the presumed route of transmission of MTBC. Buccal swabs were collected from 263 macaques representing 11 species in four Asian countries and Gibraltar. Contexts of contact with humans included free ranging, pets, performing monkeys, zoos, and monkey temples. Following DNA isolation from buccal swabs, the PCR amplified IS6110 from 84 (31.9%) of the macaques. In general, prevalence of MTBC DNA was higher among NHP in countries where the World Health Organization reports higher prevalence of humans infected with MTBC. This is the first demonstration of MTBC DNA in the mouths of macaques. Further research is needed to establish the significance of this finding at both the individual and population levels. PCR of buccal samples holds promise as a method to elucidate the mycobacterial landscape among NHP, particularly macaques that thrive in areas of high human MTBC prevalence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the Mouths of Monkeys: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNA From Buccal Swabs of Synanthropic Macaques

Wilbur

Engel

Rompis

et al. 2012

American J Primatol

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“…In addition to a variety of macaque species, CMV infection has been demonstrated in capuchin monkeys, woolly monkeys, squirrel monkeys, chimpanzees, baboons, drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus), saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), and African green monkeys (Nigida et al, 1979;Rangan and Chaiban, 1980;Blewett et al, 2001Blewett et al, , 2003). A notable exception is the Gibraltar population of Barbary macaques (M. sylvanus) which shows no evidence of CMV infection based on serosurvey (Engel et al, 2008). Viruses within this group are generally believed to have a narrow host range although interspecies transmission does occur.…”

Section: Betaherpesvirinaementioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Diseases of Nonhuman Primates

Wachtman

Mansfield

2012

Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research

103

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“…The only retrovirus known to exist in this species is simian foamy virus [33]. Because M. sylvanus does not normally have contact with other nonhuman primate species, its lack of retroviruses commonly found in Asian macaques may simply be due to a lack of exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Antiretroviral Restriction Factor TRIMCyp in Old World Primates

Dietrich

Jones‐Engel

2010

PLoS ONE

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The retroviral restriction factor TRIMCyp, which is a fusion protein derived from the TRIM5 gene, blocks replication at a post-entry step. Among Old World primates, TRIMCyp has been found in four species of Asian macaques, but not in African monkeys. To further define the evolutionary origin of Old World TRIMCyp, we examined two species of baboons (genus Papio) and three additional macaque species, including M. sylvanus, which is the only macaque species found outside Asia, and represents the earliest diverging branch of the macaque lineage. None of four P. cynocephalus anubis, one P. hamadryas, and 36 M. sylvanus had either TRIMCyp mRNA or the genetic features required for its expression. M. sylvanus genomic sequences indicated that the lack of TRIMCyp in this species was not due to genetic homogeneity among specimens studied and revealed the existence of four TRIM5α alleles, all distinct from M. mulatta and Papio counterparts. Together with existing data on macaque evolution, our findings indicate that TRIMCyp evolved in the ancestors of Asian macaques approximately 5–6 million years before present (ybp), likely as a result of a retroviral threat. TRIMCyp then became fixed in the M. nemestrina lineage after it diverged from M. nigra, approximately 2 million ybp. The macaque lineage is unique among primates studied so far due to the presence and diversity of both TRIM5 and TRIMCyp restriction factors. Studies of these antiviral proteins may provide valuable information about natural antiviral mechanisms, and give further insight into the factors that shaped the evolution of macaque species.

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Unique Pattern of Enzootic Primate Viruses in Gibraltar Macaques

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

From the Mouths of Monkeys: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNA From Buccal Swabs of Synanthropic Macaques

From the Mouths of Monkeys: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNA From Buccal Swabs of Synanthropic Macaques

Viral Diseases of Nonhuman Primates

Evolution of the Antiretroviral Restriction Factor TRIMCyp in Old World Primates

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