Unique challenges of clay binders in a pelletised chromite pre-reduction process

Kleynhans, E.L.J.; Beukes, J. P.; Zyl, P. G. van; Kestens, P.H.I.; Langa, J.M.

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2012.03.021

Cited by 29 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These measures mainly involved prereduction and preheating methods in order to improve Cr recoveries and minimize smelting costs. The pelletized chromite prereduction process (commercially known as the Premus process), applied by two Glencore Alloys FeCr smelters in South Africa, comprising six large smelting SAFs, is considered to be the FeCr production process option with the lowest SEC currently in operation (Kleynhans et al, 2012). Similar smelters are being commissioned in China, but no information regarding these operations is currently available in the peer-reviewed public domain.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Typically an agglomeration step (e.g. pelletization) is employed prior to feeding into the SAF (Kleynhans et al, 2012;Beukes, Dawson, and van Zyl, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Pure oxygen and a pulverized carbon fuel (PF) are used to fire the kiln (Basson, Curr, and Gericke, 2007;Naiker, 2007;Naiker and Riley, 2006;Ugwuegbu, 2012). Kleynhans et al (2012) indicated that while the pellets are exposed to the high temperatures inside the rotary kiln, the carbon in the outer layer of the pellets is mostly burned off and a partially oxidized outer layer is formed. A small amount of Fe reduction can occur before all the carbon is consumed in this outer layer, and this Fe can be re-oxidized.…”

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Techno-economic feasibility of a pre-oxidation process to enhance prereduction of chromite

Kleynhans

Beukes

Zyl

et al. 2017

J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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confidence: 99%

“…Typically an agglomeration step (e.g. pelletization) is employed prior to feeding into the SAF (Kleynhans et al, 2012;Beukes, Dawson, and van Zyl, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Techno-economic feasibility of a pre-oxidation process to enhance prereduction of chromite

Kleynhans

Beukes

Zyl

et al. 2017

J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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“…18 Proximate analysis (air-dried basis) was performed to obtain moisture (SANS 5925:2007), ash (ISO 1171(ISO :2010 and volatile matter contents (ISO 562:2010), while ultimate analysis determined the total carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) (ISO 29541:2010) and sulphur (S) contents (ISO 19579:2006).…”

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Plume characterization of a typical South African braai

Venter¹,

Jaars²,

Booyens³

et al. 2015

S.Afr.j.chem.

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To braai is part of the South African heritage that transcends ethnic barriers and socio-economic groups. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric gaseous and aerosol species within a plume originating from a typical South African braai is presented. Braai experiments were conducted at Welgegund -a comprehensively equipped regional background atmospheric air quality and climate change monitoring station.

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“…However, China has recently grown its FeCr production to similar levels (ICDA, 2012). This rise in Chinese FeCr production can be attributed to economic growth in China, as well as to electricity shortages and dramatic increases in the unit cost of electricity in South Africa (Kleynhans et al, 2012). Notwithstanding the afore-mentioned problems facing the South African FeCr industry, it is set to remain a dominant producer.…”

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confidence: 99%

A survey of Cr(VI) contamination of surface water in the proximity of ferrochromium smelters in South Africa

Loock¹,

Beukes²,

Zyl³

2014

WSA

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South Africa holds approximately three-quarters of the world's viable chromite ore reserves and is one of the largest ferrochrome producers. It is impossible to completely exclude oxygen from all high-temperature ferrochrome production steps, which results in the unintentional possibility of generating small amounts of Cr(VI) species that are generally considered as carcinogenic. In this study, Cr(VI) levels present in surface water within the vicinity of ferrochrome smelters located in the Bushveld Igneous Complex were monitored for a period of 1 year. The results indicated that surface water in the proximity of ferrochrome smelters was mostly unaffected by Cr(VI) pollution. Two surface water sampling sites were consistently impacted by relatively low level Cr(VI) pollution (annual mean values of 4.4 and 6.3 µg/ℓ, respectively), with no values in excess of the 50 µg/ℓ drinking water limit recorded. However, at two other surface water sampling sites, maximum Cr(VI) concentrations of 198 and 220 µg/ℓ were measured. The median Cr(VI) concentrations for these two sites were 1.8 and 1.9 µg/ℓ, respectively, indicating that Cr(VI) pollution of the surface water at these sites was erratic and most likely due to surface run-off. Although drinking water pollution was not the main focus of this paper, results indicated that drinking water in the proximity of most FeCr smelters was not polluted by Cr(VI). However, the annual mean Cr(VI) concentration of drinking water that originated from a borehole at one drinking water sampling site was 45.3 µg/ℓ, with several months exceeding the 50 µg/ℓ limit. Significant steps have, however, already been taken to remedy the situation.

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Unique challenges of clay binders in a pelletised chromite pre-reduction process

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Techno-economic feasibility of a pre-oxidation process to enhance prereduction of chromite

Techno-economic feasibility of a pre-oxidation process to enhance prereduction of chromite

Plume characterization of a typical South African braai

A survey of Cr(VI) contamination of surface water in the proximity of ferrochromium smelters in South Africa

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