Unintended Pregnancy and Its Correlates among Female Attendees of Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in Eastern China

Abstract

This study is to determine the prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its risk factors among the female attendees of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Zhejiang Province, China. A self-administered questionnaire survey of a cross-sectional design was administered to attendees at four STD clinics in 2007. Of the 313 female STD clinic attendees, 42.5% reported that they had at least one unintended pregnancy; the induced abortion rate was 39.0%. Over their lifetime, 12.1% responded “use condoms always/often” and 5.4% “always/often used oral contraceptives.” The risk factors for the unintended pregnancy identified by the multivariate analysis were as follows: being married, experience of nonconsensual sex, and a history of STD, having two and over two sexual partners. Unintended pregnancies and induced abortion by female STD clinic attendees have reached an alarming prevalence. Doctors at STD clinics should attach importance not only to the STD problem of the female attendees, but also to the unintended pregnancy and the associated factors. Targeted contraceptive counseling and intervention should be promoted at STD clinics as a strategy to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the reproductive health services in China.

Sexual violence as a predictor of unintended pregnancy among married women of India: evidence from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (2015–16)

“…We argue that women who have never had a child may desire children and, whereas those who may already have had their desired number of children can consider some pregnancies as unwanted. More unintended pregnancies in multiparous women are attributed to the loss of women's reproductive autonomy that increases unwanted conception [33]. This also highlights the unmet need for access to safe abortion services [34].…”

Progress of Microfluidic Hydrogel‐Based Scaffolds and Organ‐on‐Chips for the Cartilage Tissue Engineering

“…[376] Anti-TNF therapies have been effectively employed in the RA treatment; nonetheless, it is still questionable whether therapeutic efficacy can be preserved over the time when they are linked to dendrimer NPs and encapsulated within a hydrogel. [377,378] In this regard, Oliveira et al's investigation [379] about the therapeutic impact of a novel NPs-loaded hydrogel on the modulation of inflammatory RA was conducted by utilizing an inflammatory cartilage-on-a-chip model. In this context, human chondrogenic primary cells (hCH) as target cells and human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1), both at a density of 2 × 10 6 cell mL −1 , were encapsulated in Matrigel, followed by injecting the mixture into the microfluidic platform's two lateral compartments and stimulating the THP-1 cells with lipopolysaccharide to create an inflamed environment.…”

Biomaterial Strategies for Selective Immune Tolerance: Advances and Gaps

“…More recent strategies focus on targeting particular cell types and cytokines using monoclonal antibodies, such as B cell targeting antibodies for MS [13] or anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies for rheumatoid arthritis. [14] However, even these highly targeted monoclonal therapies do not differentiate between disease-causing and healthy immune cells, potentially reducing the immune system's capability to fight infectious disease.…”