Unimolecular Dissociation in Allene and Propyne:  The Effect of Isomerization on the Low-Pressure Rate

Abstract

The unimolecular dissociation of the C3H4 isomers allene and propyne has been examined using two complementary shock-tube techniques: laser schlieren (LS) and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. The LS experiments cover 1800−2500 K and 70−650 Torr, in 1, 2, and 4% propyne/Kr and 1 and 2% allene/Kr, whereas the TOF results extend from 1770 and 2081 K in 3% allene or propyne in Ne. The possible channels for unimolecular dissociation in the C3H4 system of isomers are considered in detail, using new density functional theory calculations of the barriers for insertion of several C3H2 into H2 to evaluate the possibility of H2 elimination as a dissociation route. The dominant path clearly remains CH fission, from either isomer, as suggested in earlier work, although some small amount of H2 elimination may be possible from allene. Rate constants for the CH fission of both allene and propyne were obtained by the usual model-assisted extrapolation of LS profiles to zero time using an extensive mechanism constructed to be consistent with both the time variation of LS gradients and the TOF product profiles. This procedure then provides rate constants effectively independent of both the near-thermoneutral isomerization of the allene/propyne and of secondary chain reactions. Derived rate constants show a strong, persistent pressure dependence, i.e., a quite unexpected deviation (falloff) from second-order behavior. These rate constants are nearer first than second order even for T > 2000 K. They are also anomalously large; RRKM rates using literature barriers and routine energy-transfer parameters are almost an order of magnitude too slow. The two isomers show slightly differing rates, and falloff is slightly less in allene. It is suggested that isomerization is probably slow enough for this difference to be real. The anomalously large rates and falloff are both consistent with an unusually large low-pressure-limit rate in this system. Extensive isomerization of these C3H4 is possible for energies well below their CH fission barriers, and this can become hindered internal rotation in the activated molecule. On the C3H4 surface we identify three such accessible rotors. State densities for the molecule including these rotors are calculated using a previous general classical formulation. Insertion of these state densities into the RRKM model results in rates quite close to the measured magnitudes, and showing much of the observed falloff. The increase in the low-pressure rate is as much as a factor of 8; a necessary but nonetheless remarkable effect of anharmonicity on the unimolecular rate. This again demonstrates the importance of accessible isomerization and consequent hindered internal rotation on the rate of dissociation of unsaturated species.

Chemistry of Energetically Activated Cumulenes—From Allene (H2CCCH2) to Hexapentaene (H2CCCCCCH2)

“…[87] The rate constant calculations for dissociation processes showed that the only significant products in this temperature range are C 3 H 3 radicals plus atomic hydrogen; the total rate coefficient for the molecular hydrogen elimination is typically about three orders of magnitude (or more) smaller than that for carbon-hydrogen bond fission. Comparison of the theoretical predictions for the propyne and allene dissociation rate coefficients with the experimental results of Kiefer et al [90] showed that the agreement between theory and experiment is very close; the calculations fall within the error bars of the measured data, with somewhat better agreement for allene. However, the computed dissociation rate constants for allene are about 10-20 % faster than that of propyne, whereas the experiments show the opposite trend.…”

“…Later, another study of the decomposition (and isomerization) by Hidaka and co-workers [88,89] confirmed the benzene formation and presented a quantitative mechanism similar to that of Wu and Kern. [87] Most recently, Kiefer and co-workers [90] studied the unimolecular dissociation of allene and propyne using two complementary shock-tube techniques: laser schlieren (LS) and timeof-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. The LS experiments were performed at 1800-2500 K and 70-650 torr, whereas the TOF results covered the temperature range of 1770-2081 K. The earlier conclusion that the dominant primary reaction path is a carbon-hydrogen bond rupture of either isomer did not change, although it was found that a small amount of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) elimination may be possible from allene.…”

Experimental and modeling study of shock‐tube oxidation of acetylene

“…Based on this comparison, Boullart et al [92] concluded that in their system at 600 K the C 3 H 2 is largely singlet cyclopropenylidene. This conclusion is in qualitative agreement with equilibrium calculations of Kiefer et al [84]. Guadagnini et al [87] argued that reaction (11) with an exit barrier for the c-C 3 H 2 channel should favor formation of linear C 3 H 2 .…”

A new mechanism for initiation of free‐radical chain reactions during high‐temperature, homogeneous oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons: Ethylene, propyne, and allene

“…These rate constants represent an average of the RRKM results of Kiefer et al [28] at the pressure of 2.2 atm over the temperature range of 1200-2000 K. There is an uncertainty of about 3 kcal mol −1 associated with the enthalpy of formation of the propargyl radical and, therefore, with the rate constants of reactions (5) and (6) [28]. This uncertainty, however, does not affect our conclusion concerning the importance of singlet carbene species in radical chain initiation as will be discussed later.…”