Unilateral ectopic insertion of the pectoralis minor: Clinical and functional significance

Goldman, Evan; Vasan, Cheryl; Lopez-Cardona, Hector; Vasan, Nagaswami

doi:10.1016/j.morpho.2015.09.049

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In all our Pan paniscus specimens, the pectoralis minor was inserted at the coracoid process of the scapula, which is in line with an early report by Miller [22]. Like the bonobos, the most frequent point of insertion of the pectoralis minor in Homo sapiens is the coracoid process of the scapula, though other insertion points have also been reported in 1.5% [39] and 16% [63] of Homo sapiens , including the glenohumeral capsule, the greater tubercle of the humerus, and the coracoacromial ligament [9, 29, 35, 39, 64]. In two of our Homo sapiens specimens, the pectoralis minor inserted at the glenohumeral capsule (Figure 4) after passing over the coracoid process and through the coracohumeral ligament.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Inter- and Intraspecific Variations in the Pectoral Muscles of Common Chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes), Bonobos(Pan paniscus), and Humans(Homo sapiens)

Potau

Arias-Martorell

Bello-Hellegouarch

et al. 2018

BioMed Research International

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We have analyzed anatomic variations in the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) and compared them to anatomic variations in these muscles in humans (Homo sapiens). We have macroscopically dissected these muscles in six adult Pan troglodytes, five Pan paniscus of ages ranging from fetus to adult, and five adult Homo sapiens. Although Pan troglodytes are thought to lack a separate pectoralis abdominis muscle, we have identified this muscle in three of the Pan troglodytes; none of the Pan paniscus, however, had this muscle. We have also found deep supernumerary fascicles in the pectoralis major of two Pan troglodytes and all five Pan paniscus. In all six Pan troglodytes, the pectoralis minor was inserted at the supraspinatus tendon, while, in Pan paniscus and Homo sapiens, it was inserted at the coracoid process of the scapula. Some of the anatomic features and variations of these muscles in common chimpanzees and bonobos are similar to those found in humans, therefore enhancing our knowledge of primate comparative anatomy and evolution and also shedding light on several clinical issues.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Inter- and Intraspecific Variations in the Pectoral Muscles of Common Chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes), Bonobos(Pan paniscus), and Humans(Homo sapiens)

Potau

Arias-Martorell

Bello-Hellegouarch

et al. 2018

BioMed Research International

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“…Variations in the attachment of pectoralis minor were reported in previous literatures [16][17][18]. Orientation with these ectopic attachments is important clinically, as it has its implications especially for plastic surgeons because the muscle is frequently used for free flaps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Anatomic Study of the Coracoid Process: Safety Margin for Osteotomy for Shoulder Surgery

Khanfour¹,

Nabil²,

Motawea³

2018

IJAR

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Background: Surgical procedures as coracoid osteotomy, transfer, and fixation are used for management of recurrent anterior shoulder instability. However, the peculiar anatomy of bony and soft tissue footprints of the coracoid, as they relate to these surgical procedures, need further detailed studies owing to its clinical importance.Aim of the work: to obtain safety margin for osteotomy of the coracoid process. Materials and methods:The material of this work included twenty upper limbs of formalin preserved specimens obtained from the dissecting room of anatomy department, faculty of medicine, Alexandria University. Dimensions of the coracoid process were recorded. Anatomical measurements between the tip of the coracoid process to the anterior and posterior margins of the tendon of pectoralis minor were recorded. Distances between the tip of the coracoid process and the anterior and posterior margins of coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament, and the most distal point of conoid and trapezoid ligaments were recorded.Results: The mean length, width, and height of the coracoid were 4.25, 1.4, 1.16 cm respectively. The mean distance between the tip of the coracoid process to the anterior and posterior margins of pectoralis minor were 1.07 and 2.04 cm respectively. The mean distance between tip of coracoid process and coracoacromial ligament (anterior and posterior margins), coracohumeral, conoid and trapezoid ligaments were 1.32, 2.19, 1.11, 3.70 and 2.73 cm respectively. Conclusion:A safety margin of 2.35 cm from the tip of the coracoid process is recommended to avoid injury of coracoclavicular ligament. This distance was correlated with the distance between the tip and the posterior margin of pectoralis minor muscle.

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“…Further, the study disclosed that in the Pan paniscus specimen studied, the PMi muscle insertion occurred at the scapula’s coracoid process, which corroborates the findings of initial studies that noted that, similar to the bonobos, in humans, the most common PMi muscle insertion point was the scapula’s coracoid process [ 37 ]. Nevertheless, other notable insertion points have been noted with regard to human PMi muscles, including the humerus’ greater tubercle, the coracoacromial ligament, and the glenohumeral capsule [ 15 , 29 , 38 ]. Potau et al reported that, in two human cadaver specimens dissected, the insertion of the PMi occurred at the glenohumeral capsule after crossing over the coracoid process [ 37 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observed anatomical variations with regard to the pectoralis minor muscle might present considerable implications during surgical procedures like the modified radical mastectomy procedure. Moreover, the pectoralis minor muscles have often been utilized as the muscle flapping with respect to the correction and reconstruction of the anterior shoulder and the facial palsy [ 12 , 14 , 15 ]. The present study has, therefore, reported the variations in the attachment of the pectoralis minor that have to be taken into account during the performance of surgical procedures on the axillary region of the human body and the chest wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Variations in the Pectoralis Minor Muscle Origin and Insertion: A Systematic Review

AlHarbi

2023

Cureus

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The pathology of the shoulder is among the most widespread medical presentations and may be a result of existing anatomical variations. Therefore, the knowledge of the variations is vital for physicians and clinicians, tasked with treating patients presenting similar complaints to minimize misdiagnosis and prevent iatrogenic injuries. Therefore, the main objective of the present systematic review the variations in pectoralis minor muscle origin and insertion/attachment point. The study also seeks to better inform physicians and clinicians of the task of treating patients with various pathology problems and to ascertain that, upon identification, the pectoralis minor muscle variants are aptly appreciated. The search method used in this systematic review entails the use of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, and the searching of several online databases, for studies focusing on variations in pectoralis minor muscles. The author reviewer evaluated the studies for eligibility, and the selection criteria for the studies used are described below. This systematic review has disclosed that, in some individuals, the pectoralis minor muscles have their origins in the second, third, and fourth ribs, even as others have their origin in the third and fourth ribs. Still, the systematic review has disclosed that, in certain individuals, the insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle occurs at the supraspinatus tendon, even as there are anomalies in the pectoralis minor insertion points linked to subacromial impingement, possible compression of the brachial plexus anteromedial and the axillary artery, and the subcoracoid impingement.

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Unilateral ectopic insertion of the pectoralis minor: Clinical and functional significance

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Inter- and Intraspecific Variations in the Pectoral Muscles of Common Chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes), Bonobos(Pan paniscus), and Humans(Homo sapiens)

Inter- and Intraspecific Variations in the Pectoral Muscles of Common Chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes), Bonobos(Pan paniscus), and Humans(Homo sapiens)

Anatomic Study of the Coracoid Process: Safety Margin for Osteotomy for Shoulder Surgery

Anatomical Variations in the Pectoralis Minor Muscle Origin and Insertion: A Systematic Review

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