Strongly correlated and coupled systems are difficult to analyze, because of inability to apply perturtative approaches. The bulk-boundary correspondence gives a guiding principle for tackling such systems, which states that all information of the bulk of a system is encoded in its boundary. In this paper, we apply the concept of the bulk-boundary correspondence to thermodynamic bounds described by classical and quantum Markov processes. Using the continuous matrix product state, we can convert a Markov process to a quantum field, which correspond to the boundary and the bulk, respectively, and jump events in the Markov process are represented by particle creation in the bulk quantum field. Introducing the time evolution of the bulk quantum field, we apply the notion of the geometric bound to the time evolution. We find that the geometric bound reduces to the speed limit relation when we represent the bound in terms of boundary quantities, whereas it reduces to the thermodynamic uncertainty relation when the bound is expressed by quantities of the bulk quantum field. Our results show that the speed limit and the thermodynamic uncertainty relations can be derived from the same ancestral inequality, showing that they are two faces of the same geometric bound. Moreover, we show that the Heisenberg uncertainty relation in the bulk quantum field reduces to the thermodynamic uncertainty relation in the Markov process.