Unified approach to catastrophic events: from the normal state to geological or biological shock in terms of spectral fractal and nonlinear analysis

Eftaxias, K.; Kapiris, P.; Balasis, Georgios; Peratzakis, A.; Karamanos, Konstantinos; Kopanas, J.; Antonopoulos, G.; Nomicos, K.

doi:10.5194/nhess-6-205-2006

Cited by 26 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Experimental evidence supports the possibility that kHz preseismic EM emissions, earthquakes, magnetic storms, solar flares, and epileptic seizures have certain quantitative features that are intriguingly similar. Indeed, results show that all the crucial features extracted from the pre-seismic kHz EM activity under study (Eftaxias et al, 2009b), including high organization and persistency, are also contained in intense magnetic storms ) and epileptic seizures Eftaxias et al, 2006). We have suggested that the development of kHz EM precursors, intense magnetic storms and epileptic seizures can study within a unified framework, e.g., Intermittent Criticality, which has a more general character than classical SelfOrganized Kapirirs et al, 2005;Eftaxias et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Indeed, results show that all the crucial features extracted from the pre-seismic kHz EM activity under study (Eftaxias et al, 2009b), including high organization and persistency, are also contained in intense magnetic storms ) and epileptic seizures Eftaxias et al, 2006). We have suggested that the development of kHz EM precursors, intense magnetic storms and epileptic seizures can study within a unified framework, e.g., Intermittent Criticality, which has a more general character than classical SelfOrganized Kapirirs et al, 2005;Eftaxias et al, 2006). Recently, we showed that the modified non-extensive Gutenberg-Richter type law (7) is also able to describe the distribution of magnitude of magnetic storms ) and solar flares (Eftaxias et al, 2009c) by a similar q parameter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…We have paid attention to the fact that the MHz radiation appears earlier than the kHz on both laboratory and geophysical scales (Eftaxias et al, 2002). We recently proposed the following two-stage model (Kapiris et al, 2004;Contoyiannis et al, 2005Contoyiannis et al, , 2008Papadimitriou et al, 2008;Eftaxias et al, 2006Eftaxias et al, , 2007b. The initially emerged MHz EM emission is thought to be due to the fracture of a highly heterogeneous system that surrounds a family of large high-strength asperities distributed along the fault sustaining the system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

Eftaxias¹,

Athanasopoulou²,

Balasis³

et al. 2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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147

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Abstract. Ultra low frequency-ULF (1 Hz or lower), kHz and MHz electromagnetic (EM) anomalies were recorded prior to the L'Aquila catastrophic earthquake (EQ) that occurred on 6 April 2009. The detected anomalies followed this temporal scheme. The question effortlessly arises as to whether the observed anomalies before the L'Aquila EQ were seismogenic or not. The main goal of this work is to provide some insight into this issue. More precisely, the main aims of this contribution are threefold: How can we recognize an EM observation as pre-seismic one? We aim, through a multidisciplinary analysis to provide some elements of a definition. How can we link an individual EM anomaly with a distinctive stage of the EQ preparation process? The present analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that the kHz EM anomalies were associated with the fracture of asperities that were distributed along the L'Aquila fault sustaining the system, while the MHz EM anomalies could be triggered by fractures in the highly disordered system that surrounded the backbone of asperities of the activated fault. How can we identify precursory symptoms in an individual EM precursor that indicate that the occurrence of the EQ is unavoidable? We clearly state that the detection of a MHz EM precursor does not mean that the occurrence of EQ is unavoidable; the Correspondence to: K. Eftaxias (ceftax@phys.uoa.gr) abrupt emergence of kHz EM emissions indicate the fracture of asperities. The observed ULF EM anomaly supports the hypothesis of a relationship between processes produced by increasing tectonic stresses in the Earth's crust and attendant EM interactions between the crust and ionosphere. We emphasize that we attempt to specify not only whether or not a single EM anomaly is pre-seismic in itself, but mainly whether a combination of emergent ULF, MHz and kHz EM anomalies could be characterized as pre-earthquake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

Eftaxias¹,

Athanasopoulou²,

Balasis³

et al. 2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

Self Cite

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, a combination of some such quantities which refer to different aspects, such as structural or dynamical properties, is the most promising way. The application of all the above mentioned multidisciplinary statistical procedure [30,33,35,36,[69][70][71] sensitively recognizes and discriminates the candidate kHz EM precursors from the EM background: they are characterized by significantly higher organization / lower complexity in respect to that of the EM noise in the region of the station. Importantly this pre-seismic EM emission is also characterized by strong persistency [28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of all the above mentioned multidisciplinary statistical procedure [30,33,35,36,[68][69][70][71] sensitively recognizes and discriminates the candidate EM precursors from the EM background: they are characterized by significantly higher organization in respect to that of the EM noise in the region of the station. However, we should keep in mind that though a sledge hammer may be wonderful for breaking rock, it is a poor choice for driving a tack into a picture frame!…”

Section: It Is Important To Note That One Cannot Find An Optimum Orgamentioning

confidence: 99%

Are There Pre-Seismic Electromagnetic Precursors? A Multidisciplinary Approach

Eftaxias¹

2012

Earthquake Research and Analysis - Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning

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11www.intechopen.com 2 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH spectrum ranging from kHz to MHz are produced by opening cracks, which can be considered as the so-called precursors of general fracture. The radiated EM precursors are detectable both at a laboratory [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and geological scale .Data collection: Since 1994, a station has been installed and operated at a mountainous site of Zante island (37.76 o N − 20.76 o E) in the Ionian Sea (western Greece). The main aim of this station is the detection of kHz-MHz EM precursors. Six loop antennas detect the three components (EW, NS, and vertical) of the variations of the magnetic field at 3 kHz and 10 kHz respectively; three vertical λ/2 electric dipoles detect the electric field variations at 41, 54 MHz, and 135 MHz respectively. These frequencies were selected in order to minimize the effects of the sources of man-made noise in the mountain area of the Zante Island. Moreover, two Short Thin Wire Antennas, oriented at EW and NS directions of length of 100 m, respectively, have been also installed. The aim of the last installation is the detection of ultra-low-frequency (< 1Hz) EM precursors rooted in a preseismic lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere-coupling. All the EM time series were sampled at 1 Hz. Such an experimental setup helps to specify not only whether or not a single EM anomaly is preseismic in itself, but also whether a sequence of EM disturbances at different frequencies, which are emerged one after the other in a short time period, could be characterized as preseismic one. Clear such EM precursors have been detected over periods ranging from approximately a week to a few hours prior to catastrophic EQs that occurred in Greece or Italy (e.g., [21,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]). We emphasize that the detected precursors were associated with EQs: (i) occurred in land (or near coast-line); (ii) were strong, i.e., with magnitude 6 or larger; and (iii) were shallow. Recent results indicate that the recorded EM precursors contain information characteristic of an ensuing seismic event (e.g., [21,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]).An important feature, observed both at laboratory and geophysical scale, is that it the MHz radiation precedes the kHz one [25,[27][28][29]35,36]. Studies on the small (laboratory) scale reveal that the kHz EM emission is launched in the tail of pre-fracture EM emission from 97% up to 100% of the corresponding failure strength [25 and references therein]. At the geophysical scale the kHz EM precursors are emerged from a few days up to a few hours before the EQ occurrence. The association of MHz, kHz EM precursors with the last stages of EQ generation is justified.The origin of EM emissions. The origin of EM emissions from fracture is not completely clear, and different attempts have been made in order to explain it [8, 32 and references therein]. A relevant attempt is related to the "capacitor model" [32]. In many materials, emission of photons, electrons, ions and neutral p...

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Earthquake precursory signatures in electromagnetic radiation measurements in terms of day-to-day fractal spectral exponent variation: analysis of the eastern Aegean 13/04/2017–20/07/2017 seismic activity

et al. 2018

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Unified approach to catastrophic events: from the normal state to geological or biological shock in terms of spectral fractal and nonlinear analysis

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

Are There Pre-Seismic Electromagnetic Precursors? A Multidisciplinary Approach

Earthquake precursory signatures in electromagnetic radiation measurements in terms of day-to-day fractal spectral exponent variation: analysis of the eastern Aegean 13/04/2017–20/07/2017 seismic activity

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