Unhealthy eating habits among adolescent waterpipe smokers in Jordan: The Irbid-TRY

Abstract

INTRODUCTION The relationship between waterpipe smoking and eating habits among adolescents has not been investigated, thus the aim of the current study was to compare eating habits among adolescent cigarette-only, waterpipe-only, dual smokers versus non-smokers. We hypothesize that adolescent smokers practice unhealthy eating habits with worse habits among waterpipe smokers and dual smokers. METHODS Using a descriptive, cross-sectional design, self-reporting patterns of waterpipe, cigarette smoking and eating habits were collected from a random representative sample of 1720 boys and girls in grades 7-10 in Northern Jordan. RESULTS A total of 6.9%, 23.2% and 26.2% reported cigarette-only, waterpipe-only, and dual smoking, respectively. After controlling for gender, family income and education level of the mother and father, subsequent post hoc ANCOVA analyses revealed the following: mean (±SD) weekly breakfast consumption was greater in non-smokers (3.9±2.4) than waterpipe-only smokers (3.5±2.5, p=0.040) and dual smokers (3.2±2.5, p<0.000). Mean soda consumption frequency was lower in non-smokers (3.6±2.3) versus waterpipe-only (4.2±2.3, p=0.004) and dual smokers (2.7±2.2, p<0.000). Mean vegetable consumption was less in waterpipeonly (4.5±2.0, p=0.026) and dual smoking (4.4±2.0, p=0.013) smokers versus non-smokers (4.8±1.8). Mean consumption of energy drinks was the highest among dual smokers (1.2±1.9) versus non-smokers (0.5±1.4, p<0.000), cigaretteonly (0.6±1.4, p≤0.01), and waterpipe-only (0.6±1.4, p<0.000) smokers. CONCLUSIONS Overall, both waterpipe and dual smoking are associated with several unhealthy eating habits in adolescents. Given the growing epidemic of tobacco smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, especially adolescent waterpipe smoking, and its association with unhealthy eating habits, public health actions and enforcing policies to decrease uptake of waterpipe smoking as well as improving food choices in schools among youth are urgently needed. AFFILIATION

Review of the Nutrition Situation in Jordan: Trends and Way Forward

“…Moreover, despite the increased consumption of milk and dairy products over time, less than half of adolescents reached the recommended intake of three servings per day [ 126 ]. Comparable findings were reported by different cross-sectional studies in Jordan, which also documented high consumption of sweetened beverages, sweets and chocolate, cakes and cookies, French fries, and potato chips [ 127 , 128 , 129 ]. Among adults and WRA, high consumption of salt was reported where the mean intake levels reached double the WHO recommendation of less than 5 g/day [ 126 ].…”

A Cross-Sectional Study of Oral Health Status and Behavioral Risk Indicators among Non-Smoking and Currently Smoking Lithuanian Adolescents

“…In the present study of Lithuanian adolescents, an overwhelming majority (89.9%) of participants reported high consumption of fruits and vegetables; in contrast, studies of Portuguese and Italian schoolchildren found a less frequent consumption of these products [ 51 , 52 ]. However, we did find that high consumption of fruits and vegetables was significantly less common among currently smoking Lithuanian adolescents than among non-smokers, and this finding is in line with the results of other studies [ 53 , 54 ]. In the present study, we also found that 80% of Lithuanian adolescents reported a high consumption of sweets.…”

Differences in oxidative stress profile in adolescents smoking waterpipe versus cigarettes: The Irbid TRY Project

“…†: indicate all groups versus adolescents smoking Cg using one way ANOVA followed by LSD post-hoc comparisons oxidation-reduction equilibrium and CAT and GPx activities in adolescents smoking Wp or Cg versus never smokers. The results also confirm the harmful effect of dual smoking (Wp and Cg) on adolescent health (Alomari et al, 2020a;Alomari, Al-Sheyab, & Ward, 2018c;Alomari, Khabour, & Alzoubi, 2020b;Al-Sheyab & Alomari, 2018).…”

“…The data for this study are derived from a larger project, the Irbid-Try. The recruitment process that has previously been explained Alomari, Al-Sheyab, & Mokdad, 2020a;Al-Sheyab & Alomari, 2018), however, are briefly described herein.…”