“…In both Finland and Germany (except among non‐working mothers), we found a positive effect of mothers' tertiary education on childcare usage. This is in line with Geier and Riedel () who found that educational attainment is correlated with childcare values. According to these authors, highly educated mothers use childcare more often because they have positive attitudes regarding the effects of childcare on children's development.…”
Section: Regression Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Our first control variable was the number of children under age 6 living in the household. It is assumed that women with a larger number of children might decide to stay out of the labour market completely, thus reducing the demand for external childcare (Geier & Riedel, ; Huston, Chang, & Gennetian, ). However, preliminary analyses of the Finnish and the Western German sample indicated that having two children was positively related to childcare usage, while having three or more children yielded a negative coefficient (results not shown here).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To identify different usage patterns according to mothers' employment status, we ran separate analyses for working and non‐working women. According to several studies, children with mothers in full‐time employment use childcare services more frequently than those whose mothers are in part‐time employment or are inactive (Geier & Riedel, ; Huston et al., ). In our analyses, the information on employment status is based on the current employment situation, as defined by the respondent.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies have shown that a considerable share of the Western German population believes that preschool children suffer if their mother works (see DiPrete, Morgan, Engelhardt, & Pacalova, ), and childcare is seen as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, maternal care. As childcare attitudes seem to be related to socio‐economic characteristics such as education and working status (Geier & Riedel, ), these factors are correlated with childcare use. In Finland, family policies support both the dual‐earner and the male breadwinner models, giving parents the freedom to choose the arrangement they prefer.…”
European countries have increased their public childcare provision for children under age 3. However, it is unclear if and how usage patterns differ across countries. This study examined the relationship between the socio‐economic characteristics of mothers and the use of childcare for 2‐year‐old children. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for the years 2005–2008, we analysed the characteristics of mothers and usage patterns in Sweden, Finland and Western Germany. To single out the effect of maternal employment, working and non‐working mothers were investigated separately. Our findings showed that, in Sweden, a country with strong support for dual‐earner families, usage was largely independent of mothers' characteristics. However, in Western Germany, where more support is given to male breadwinner families, and in Finland, a country with pluralistic family support, highly educated mothers were found to be more likely to use childcare than were mothers with lower levels of education.
“…In both Finland and Germany (except among non‐working mothers), we found a positive effect of mothers' tertiary education on childcare usage. This is in line with Geier and Riedel () who found that educational attainment is correlated with childcare values. According to these authors, highly educated mothers use childcare more often because they have positive attitudes regarding the effects of childcare on children's development.…”
Section: Regression Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Our first control variable was the number of children under age 6 living in the household. It is assumed that women with a larger number of children might decide to stay out of the labour market completely, thus reducing the demand for external childcare (Geier & Riedel, ; Huston, Chang, & Gennetian, ). However, preliminary analyses of the Finnish and the Western German sample indicated that having two children was positively related to childcare usage, while having three or more children yielded a negative coefficient (results not shown here).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To identify different usage patterns according to mothers' employment status, we ran separate analyses for working and non‐working women. According to several studies, children with mothers in full‐time employment use childcare services more frequently than those whose mothers are in part‐time employment or are inactive (Geier & Riedel, ; Huston et al., ). In our analyses, the information on employment status is based on the current employment situation, as defined by the respondent.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies have shown that a considerable share of the Western German population believes that preschool children suffer if their mother works (see DiPrete, Morgan, Engelhardt, & Pacalova, ), and childcare is seen as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, maternal care. As childcare attitudes seem to be related to socio‐economic characteristics such as education and working status (Geier & Riedel, ), these factors are correlated with childcare use. In Finland, family policies support both the dual‐earner and the male breadwinner models, giving parents the freedom to choose the arrangement they prefer.…”
European countries have increased their public childcare provision for children under age 3. However, it is unclear if and how usage patterns differ across countries. This study examined the relationship between the socio‐economic characteristics of mothers and the use of childcare for 2‐year‐old children. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for the years 2005–2008, we analysed the characteristics of mothers and usage patterns in Sweden, Finland and Western Germany. To single out the effect of maternal employment, working and non‐working mothers were investigated separately. Our findings showed that, in Sweden, a country with strong support for dual‐earner families, usage was largely independent of mothers' characteristics. However, in Western Germany, where more support is given to male breadwinner families, and in Finland, a country with pluralistic family support, highly educated mothers were found to be more likely to use childcare than were mothers with lower levels of education.
“…Overall, there is a lower supply of childcare for children up to the age of three years (Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2019). Previous studies have already shown that individual daycare attendance is signifi cantly related to daycare supply (Fuchs-Rechlin & Bergmann, 2014;Geier & Riedel, 2008).…”
Previous research has found that ethnic educational inequalities arise even before children enroll in primary school. It has been shown that especially for migrants, early participation in education has a positive impact on later educational outcomes, with the acquisition of the host-country language being one of the main mechanisms driving this effect. With the influx of over one million refugees into Germany in recent years, the integration of migrant children, especially refugee children, into the educational system is more salient in educational politics than ever. The first empirical findings on early and preschool education among refugees have shown that while a considerable share of refugee children attend a daycare center, they do so at lower rates than native and other migrant children. This paper aims to examine whether inequalities in the early education of refugee children can be explained by diff erent socioeconomic and migration-related factors known to be associated with inequality in daycare attendance and to explore whether additional refugee-specific factors aff ect the likelihood of enrollment in preschool education. With data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees in Germany and the study Refugees in the German Educational System (ReGES), we show that conventional explanatory variables do affect refugee children’s attendance of daycare centers. In addition to children’s age, the employment status of the mother, and the length of stay in Germany are particularly important. However, we see regional differences in participation in preschool education that cannot be explained by the municipal childcare supply.
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