Unfulfilled promises of the consultation approach: the limits to effective indigenous participation in Bolivia’s and Peru’s extractive industries

Flemmer, Riccarda; Schilling‐Vacaflor, Almut

doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1092867

Cited by 120 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Similarly, it will be crucial to investigate whether the adoption of the Law on the Right to Prior Consultation actually is helping affected populations to have their concerns addressed. The prior consultation processes that have been implemented in the past few years seem to reflect a similar ambiguity in terms of the interplay between depoliticizing and repoliticizing practices like the participatory events analyzed in this article (Flemmer, forthcoming;Flemmer & Schilling-Vacaflor, 2016).…”

Section: Discussion and Conclusion: Depoliticization And Repoliticizamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, however, the great majority of Latin American states have failed to comply with indigenous peoples' right to prior consultation and FPIC (see Flemmer, & Schilling-Vacaflor, 2016;. Instead of organizing comprehensive prior consultation and consent processes with indigenous communities affected by planned resource extraction, most states have merely organized public participation events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead of organizing comprehensive prior consultation and consent processes with indigenous communities affected by planned resource extraction, most states have merely organized public participation events. Interestingly, the large number of such tokenistic participatory practices have rarely been covered by academics, whose work has focused on the comparatively few prior consultation and consent processes (see Rodríguez Garavito, 2011;Flemmer, & Schilling-Vacaflor, 2016;Faletti, & Riofrancos, 2017;Machado, López Matta, Campo, Escobar, & Weitzner, 2017). citizens and local populations are involved in decision making about planned extraction projects, spanning from lower gradations of citizen participation (such as manipulation, tokenism, information, consultation and placation) to more influential forms of participation (partnership, delegated power, citizen control) (for a typology, see Arnstein, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contesting the hydrocarbon frontiers: State depoliticizing practices and local responses in Peru

2018

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a b s t r a c tBased on primary sources, this article analyzes 150 participatory events related to planned hydrocarbon projects in Peru (2007Peru ( -2012. Therein, it sheds light on state depoliticizing practices and local populations' contestations thereof. We argue that participation in the extraction sector has not enabled effective participation and has instead been used to pave the way for expanding the extractive frontiers. We find that the state entity responsible for carrying out the events applied three main depoliticizing practices: (a) the organization of exclusionary participatory processes, (b) the provision of pro-extraction information, and (c) the identification of critical actors and discourses in order to formulate recommendations on how to weaken resistance against the planned activities. This study also reveals that local populations often contested the participatory events and identifies subnational patterns of local contestation. We find that higher degrees of contestation were fueled by previous negative experiences with extraction activities and the existence of local economic alternatives. To assess the histories and results of contestation over specific extractive activities over time, the study draws on monthly conflict reports produced by the Peruvian ombudsperson (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). We find that local contestation was quite influential, leading to increased social investment programs in the affected areas, the withdrawal of several extraction corporations, and Peru's adoption of the Law on Prior Consultation (2011). However, the long-term prospects of the transformations provoked by repoliticizing processes need to be evaluated in the years to come.

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Section: Discussion and Conclusion: Depoliticization And Repoliticizamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contesting the hydrocarbon frontiers: State depoliticizing practices and local responses in Peru

2018

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“…Peru's government did not challenge the central assumptions of market liberalization [66], while Bolivia and Ecuador favored social redistribution of income. All three countries continued to rely on the exploitation of natural resources, notably oil, natural gas and mining [67,68], policies that favored neo-extractive economies, which are considered to provide little long-term economic development [69].…”

Section: Second Wave Of Changes In the Forest Policy Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smallholder Forestry in the Western Amazon: Outcomes from Forest Reforms and Emerging Policy Perspectives

Pacheco

Mejía²,

Cano³

et al. 2016

Forests

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Abstract:The forest reforms unfolding during the last two decades in the western Amazon have embraced policy regimes founded on the principles of sustainable forest management. The policy frameworks adopted for smallholder forestry aimed to clarify forest rights including those of the indigenous people and smallholders, support the adoption of sustainable forest management and put a system in place to assure a legal timber supply. The emerging forest policy regimes have significantly shaped who has access to the forest, how the forest resources are used and the benefits that are utilized. We argue that forest reforms have not addressed some critical constraints facing smallholders in managing their forests either individually or collectively. Informal timber extraction persists with contradictory effects on smallholders and forests. Local participants continue to make a significant contribution in meeting a growing demand for timber through vigorous market networks that combine legal and illegal sources of timber supply. Some recent changes to forest policy frameworks emphasize approaches towards additional integrated forest management, simplification of regulations and incentives for improved forest management. We critically reflect on the scope, implementation and expected outcomes of these policy frameworks.

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“…Since then, these governments have faced strong criticism from civil society groups and international agencies claiming that PC procedures, as implemented today, fail to meet international standards. Scholars researching PC outcomes have paid special attention to the conditions preventing this mechanism from incorporating indigenous participation in a meaningful way (Flemmer and Schilling-Vacaflor 2016;Bascopé 2010;Rodríguez-Garavito et al 2010). Yet, no systematic studies exist at present regarding the outcomes of these consultation procedures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation on the Edge: Prior Consultation and Extractivism in Latin America

Zaremberg

Wong

2018

Journal of Politics in Latin America

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Violent conflicts between indigenous groups, multinational companies, and governments over the control of lands potentially containing valuable minerals and hydrocarbons are proliferating in Latin America, as well as elsewhere around the world too. In 1989 the International Labor Organization (ILO) approved ILO Convention 169, which mandates the implementation of prior consultation (PC) with indigenous peoples about any project that could potentially affect their territory. Many interpretations regarding the aims and scopes of PC exist. Some environmental sectors see PC as a mechanism to prevent the implementation of ecologically unsustainable projects in indigenous territories. Part of the indigenous rights sector, however, sees PC as a platform via which to negotiate financial resources for indigenous communities. On the side of governments and multinational companies, PC represents a means to diminish violence and advance projects under more stable political conditions. By examining mining and hydrocarbon projects in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico, the authors compare cases in which PC takes place and ones where it is not applied. A typology of the outcomes in relation to 1) the prevention of industrialized resource extraction on indigenous lands, 2) redistribution of economic benefits produced by extractive projects, and 3) diminishment of the state repression associated with extractive projects is offered. Findings show that in many cases all three of these results are not simultaneously achieved; the authors explain why some outcomes might be obtained in certain instances and not in others. Finally, the article offers an overall assessment of PC results in light of participation theories. published by Routledge in 2018. She is currently part of the research team in the three-year project "Conversing with Goliath: Mobilization, participation and repression around neo-extractionist conflicts," funded by the British Academy and the Newton Fund. This project is aimed at examining the effects that new participatory institutions in Mexico such as PC have on socioenvironmental conflicts over mining, hydrocarbons, and renewable energy projects.

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Unfulfilled promises of the consultation approach: the limits to effective indigenous participation in Bolivia’s and Peru’s extractive industries

Cited by 120 publications

References 14 publications

Contesting the hydrocarbon frontiers: State depoliticizing practices and local responses in Peru

Contesting the hydrocarbon frontiers: State depoliticizing practices and local responses in Peru

Smallholder Forestry in the Western Amazon: Outcomes from Forest Reforms and Emerging Policy Perspectives

Participation on the Edge: Prior Consultation and Extractivism in Latin America

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